Table 3.

Fixed Effects Regressions Predicting Children’s Current Grade Level, Children Ages 6–18, Mexican Family Life Survey 1 and 2 and Indonesian Family Life Survey 3 and 4

Predictor	Mexico	Indonesia
Age	0.57***	0.43***
	(0.04)	(0.06)
Age squared	−0.01***	−0.01***
	(0.00)	(0.00)
Parental migration statusa (ref.: Parents not migrants)
Parents internal migrants	−0.15	0.06
	(0.10)	(0.20)
Parents international migrants	−0.25**	−0.19†
	(0.09)	(0.11)
Household human capital (ref.: primary school and no education)
Junior high education	0.08	0.01
	(0.06)	(0.10)
High school education or above	0.07	0.17*
	(0.08)	(0.09)
Household per capita monthly expenditures (logged)	0.01	0.04†
	(0.03)	(0.02)
Number of children (age 6–18) in household	0.02	−0.00
	(0.02)	(0.02)
Extended family arrangement	0.17	0.14
	(0.23)	(0.12)
Rural residence	−0.17	−0.05
	(0.11)	(0.13)
Community average household per capita monthly expenditures (logged)	0.22*	0.07†
	(0.10)	(0.04)
Community proportion of households with children of emigrant parents	−0.55*	0.39†
	(0.28)	(0.22)
Intercept	0.23	0.23
	(0.55)	(0.73)
N (no. children × 2)	11,438	5,876
R2	.58	.66

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. Year and province variables and interactions are not shown. Other variables, such as gender, are omitted in the fixed effects models. ref. = reference.

^aThe cross-country difference of the coefficients of parental migration status is jointly significant at p < .10.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.