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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Neurobiol. 2014 Apr 17;50(1):197–213. doi: 10.1007/s12035-014-8701-1

Table 6. Complete non-lipid metabolomic profile at eight weeks post-operation.

Data represents averages of scaled metabolite amount ± standard deviation. For each small molecule, the raw area counts were re-scaled to set the median metabolite amount equal to 1. The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) identifier has been provided. The green color in the heat map indicates averaged median values equal or lower than 1.5-fold from the median metabolite amount of 1, whereas red indicates averaged median values equal or higher than 1.5-fold from the median metabolite amount.

Metabolite
8 weeks		 HMDB Subpathway Control: SCI Control: Sham O3PUFA: SCI O3PUFA: Sham
Average
Median Metabolite Levels		 Standard
Deviation		 Average
Median Metabolite Levels		 Standard
Deviation		 Average
Median Metabolite Levels		 Standard
Deviation		 Average
Median Metabolite Levels		 Standard
Deviation
Amino Acids 2-aminoadipate HMDB00510 Lysine metabolism 1.06 0.44 1.20 0.46 1.20 0.46 1.08 0.50
2-aminobutyrate HMDB00650 Butanoate metabolism 1.64 0.80 0.89 0.68 0.89 0.68 0.79 0.48
2-hydroxybutyrate (AHB) HMDB00008 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.14 0.32 0.96 0.31 0.96 0.31 0.68 0.30
2-methylbutyroylcarnitine HMDB00378 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 0.92 0.41 1.04 0.30 1.04 0.30 0.60 0.22
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate HMDB00755 Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism 0.91 0.22 0.92 0.23 0.92 0.23 0.90 0.26
3-hydroxyisobutyrate HMDB00336 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 0.87 0.27 0.93 0.29 0.93 0.29 0.76 0.21
3-phosphoserine HMDB00272 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 0.95 0.25 1.17 0.42 1.17 0.42 0.61 0.29
4-guanidinobutanoate HMDB03464 Guanidino and acetamido metabolism 0.84 0.23 1.06 0.19 1.06 0.19 1.29 0.39
5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) HMDB01173 Polyamine metabolism 0.88 0.13 1.05 0.19 1.05 0.19 1.04 0.14
5-oxopriline HMDB00267 Glutathione metabolism 1.10 0.32 1.18 0.12 1.18 0.12 0.90 0.11
agmatine HMDB01432 Polyamine metabolism 1.16 0.40 1.47 0.58 1.47 0.58 0.87 0.27
alanine HMDB00161 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 1.21 0.22 1.29 0.21 1.29 0.21 0.85 0.08
arginine HMDB00517 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 1.01 0.16 0.95 0.18 0.95 0.18 1.00 0.07
asparagine HMDB00168 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 1.00 0.22 0.75 0.26 0.75 0.26 1.10 0.15
aspartate HMDB00191 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 0.82 0.23 0.79 0.12 0.79 0.12 1.27 0.15
beta-alanine HMDB00056 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 1.08 0.42 0.92 0.37 0.92 0.37 1.02 0.52
betaine HMDB00043 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 1.20 0.33 1.37 0.28 1.37 0.28 0.58 0.14
C-glycosyltryptophan* Tryptophan metabolism 1.09 0.32 1.19 0.20 1.19 0.20 0.96 0.12
citrulline HMDB00904 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 1.19 0.26 1.33 0.25 1.33 0.25 0.30 0.03
creatine HMDB00064 Creatine metabolism 0.90 0.16 0.95 0.07 0.95 0.07 1.07 0.07
creatinine HMDB00562 Creatine metabolism 0.95 0.21 1.03 0.14 1.03 0.14 1.01 0.22
cystathionine HMDB00099 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 0.91 0.16 1.01 0.25 1.01 0.25 1.10 0.21
cysteine HMDB00574 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.11 0.40 1.38 0.39 1.38 0.39 0.83 0.15
cysteine-glutathione disulfide HMDB00656 Glutathione metabolism 1.33 0.39 1.40 0.16 1.40 0.16 0.83 0.08
cystine HMDB00192 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.34 0.63 1.33 0.35 1.33 0.35 0.75 0.12
gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) HMDB00112 Glutamate metabolism 0.87 0.32 0.73 0.22 0.73 0.22 1.44 0.46
glutamate HMDB03339 Glutamate metabolism 0.80 0.14 0.86 0.09 0.86 0.09 1.19 0.10
glutamine HMDB00641 Glutamate metabolism 0.96 0.21 1.08 0.16 1.08 0.16 1.00 0.12
glutathione, oxidized (GSSG) HMDB03337 Glutathione metabolism 1.14 0.39 1.54 0.21 1.54 0.21 0.70 0.15
glutathione, reduced (GSH) HMDB00125 Glutathione metabolism 0.89 0.14 1.25 0.30 1.25 0.30 0.99 0.17
glycine HMDB00123 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 0.77 0.22 0.81 0.14 0.81 0.14 1.23 0.14
histidine HMDB00177 Histidine metabolism 1.14 0.16 1.13 0.13 1.13 0.13 0.73 0.04
hydroxyisovaleroyl carnitine Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 1.12 0.41 1.37 0.24 1.37 0.24 0.85 0.22
hypotaurine HMDB00965 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.50 0.67 1.58 0.61 1.58 0.61 0.84 0.35
isoleucine HMDB00172 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 1.23 0.24 1.13 0.13 1.13 0.13 0.69 0.06
isovalerylcarnitine HMDB00688 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 1.04 0.42 1.20 0.39 1.20 0.39 0.89 0.28
kynurenine HMDB00684 Tryptophan metabolism 0.87 0.66 0.74 0.57 0.74 0.57 0.96 0.58
leucine HMDB00687 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 1.21 0.24 1.14 0.13 1.14 0.13 0.71 0.08
lysine HMDB00182 Lysine metabolism 1.22 0.30 1.34 0.15 1.34 0.15 0.91 0.09
methionine HMDB00696 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.14 0.18 1.11 0.12 1.11 0.12 0.76 0.08
N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) HMDB01067 Glutamate metabolism 0.79 0.19 0.81 0.10 0.81 0.10 1.77 0.17
N-acetylalanine HMDB00766 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 1.05 0.32 0.92 0.14 0.92 0.14 1.10 0.16
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) HMDB00812 Alanine and aspartate metabolism 0.77 0.22 0.82 0.09 0.82 0.09 1.55 0.07
N-acetylglutamate HMDB01138 Glutamate metabolism 0.77 0.21 0.73 0.15 0.73 0.15 1.47 1.19
N-acetylmethionine HMDB11745 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.40 0.31 1.22 0.17 1.22 0.17 0.49 0.08
N-acetyltryptophan Tryptophan metabolism 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
N2-acetyllysine HMDB00446 Lysine metabolism 0.93 0.25 1.38 0.38 1.38 0.38 1.03 0.46
ophthalmate HMDB05765 Glutathione metabolism 1.21 0.61 0.95 0.58 0.95 0.58 0.93 0.41
ornithine HMDB03374 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 1.07 0.31 1.19 0.20 1.19 0.20 0.87 0.22
phenylalanine HMDB00159 Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism 1.21 0.22 1.13 0.14 1.13 0.14 0.86 0.09
pipecolate HMDB00070 Lysine metabolism 1.25 0.38 1.28 0.25 1.28 0.25 0.93 0.24
proline HMDB00162 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 1.13 0.11 1.15 0.15 1.15 0.15 0.79 0.05
putrescine HMDB01414 Polymine metabolism 1.90 0.71 1.99 0.73 1.99 0.73 0.62 0.19
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) HMDB00939 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 0.90 0.23 0.88 0.15 0.88 0.15 1.10 0.15
S-methylcysteine HMDB02108 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 0.86 0.42 0.96 0.33 0.96 0.33 0.69 0.16
saccharopine HMDB00279 Lysine metabolism 0.65 0.01 0.75 0.21 0.75 0.21 0.91 0.40
sarcosine (N-Methylglycine) HMDB00271 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 1.00 0.37 1.05 0.32 1.05 0.32 1.07 0.13
serine HMDB03406 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 1.16 0.23 1.22 0.19 1.22 0.19 0.87 0.10
spermidine HMDB01257 Polyamine metabolism 0.88 0.25 0.97 0.19 0.97 0.19 1.00 0.12
taurine HMDB00251 Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 1.24 0.30 1.47 0.28 1.47 0.28 0.76 0.16
threonine HMDB00167 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 1.04 0.19 1.04 0.15 1.04 0.15 0.86 0.14
trans-4-hydroxyproline HMDB00725 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 0.87 0.61 0.75 0.59 0.75 0.59 0.29 0.11
tryptophan HMDB00929 Tryptophan metabolism 1.10 0.19 1.10 0.13 1.10 0.13 0.97 0.07
tyrosine HMDB00158 Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism 1.17 0.21 1.18 0.14 1.18 0.14 0.64 0.06
urea HMDB00294 Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism 0.76 0.49 0.98 0.54 0.98 0.54 1.24 0.47
valine HMDB00883 Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 1.21 0.27 1.16 0.15 1.16 0.15 0.69 0.07
Carbohydrates 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) HMDB02712 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.14 0.52 1.04 0.28 1.04 0.28 0.83 0.21
1,6-anhydroglucose HMDB00640 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 0.57 0.27 0.90 0.55 0.90 0.55 0.64 0.34
arabinose HMDB00646 Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism 0.52 0.29 0.69 0.53 0.69 0.53 0.66 0.46
arabitol HMDB01851 Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism 0.91 0.26 1.02 0.36 1.02 0.36 0.97 0.31
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) HMDB01473 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.08 0.29 1.07 0.28 1.07 0.28 0.88 0.17
erythronate* HMDB00613 Aminosugars metabolism 1.12 0.36 1.15 0.23 1.15 0.23 0.92 0.17
fructose HMDB00660 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.28 0.47 1.38 0.31 1.38 0.31 0.69 0.15
fructose 1-phosphate HMDB01076 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.24 0.63 1.45 0.61 1.45 0.61 0.67 0.22
fructose-6-phosphate HMDB00124 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.46 0.49 1.72 0.43 1.72 0.43 0.25 0.08
galactose HMDB00143 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.31 0.37 1.39 0.27 1.39 0.27 0.29 0.09
glucose HMDB00122 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.61 0.72 2.07 0.70 2.07 0.70 0.13 0.04
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) HMDB01401 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.44 0.47 1.69 0.41 1.69 0.41 0.23 0.07
glycerate HMDB00139 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 0.86 0.23 1.13 0.48 1.13 0.48 0.67 0.34
Isobar: fructose 1,6-diphosphate, glucose 1,6-diphosphate, myo-inositol 1,4 or 1 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 0.97 0.22 0.91 0.13 0.91 0.13 0.98 0.16
Isobar: ribulose 5-phosphate, xylulose 5-phosphate Nucleotide sugars, pantose metabolism 1.40 0.57 1.57 0.41 1.57 0.41 0.55 0.11
lactate HMDB00190 Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1.01 0.24 1.09 0.18 1.09 0.18 0.96 0.13
maltose HMDB00163 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.30 0.41 2.21 1.04 2.21 1.04 0.39 0.07
maltotriose HMDB01262 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 0.64 0.18 1.40 0.70 1.40 0.70 0.52 0.00
mannitol HMDB00765 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 0.98 0.46 0.88 0.49 0.88 0.49 0.75 0.26
mannose HMDB00169 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.39 0.37 1.52 0.27 1.52 0.27 0.29 0.03
mannose-6-phosphate HMDB01078 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.43 0.45 1.76 0.43 1.76 0.43 0.25 0.07
N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate HMDB02817 Aminosugars metabolism 0.99 0.43 1.35 0.42 1.35 0.42 0.83 0.36
N-acetylneuraminate HMDB00230 Aminosugars metabolism 1.08 0.26 1.09 0.15 1.09 0.15 0.83 0.11
ribose HMDB00283 Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism 0.90 0.32 1.09 0.35 1.09 0.35 1.01 0.13
ribulose HMDB00621,HMDB03371 Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism 0.31 0.55 1.34 0.70 1.34 0.70 0.62 0.32
sedoheptulose-7-phosphate HMDB01068 Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism 1.44 0.64 1.52 0.53 1.52 0.53 0.24 0.11
sorbitol HMDB00247 Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism 1.19 0.43 1.23 0.36 1.23 0.36 0.78 0.23
Cofactors and vitamins 3′-dephosphocoenzyme A HMDB01373 Pantothenate and CoA metabolism 0.73 0.26 0.79 0.27 0.79 0.27 1.30 0.35
acetyl CoA HMDB01206 Pantothenate and CoA metabolism 0.82 0.19 0.89 0.16 0.89 0.16 1.30 0.28
alpha-tocopherol HMDB01893 Tocopherol metabolism 1.19 0.14 1.29 0.26 1.29 0.26 0.77 0.15
ascorbate (Vitamin C) HMDB00044 Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism 1.19 0.24 1.32 0.28 1.32 0.28 0.85 0.11
coenzyme A HMDB01423 Pantothenate and CoA metabolism 0.73 0.20 0.83 0.16 0.83 0.16 1.48 0.27
dihydrobiopterin HMDB00038 Folate metabolism 1.18 0.37 1.40 0.47 1.40 0.47 0.53 0.14
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) HMDB01248 Riboflavin metabolism 1.09 0.20 1.13 0.16 1.13 0.16 0.83 0.11
heme Hemoglobin and porphyrin metabolism 1.01 0.37 1.07 0.29 1.07 0.29 0.96 0.42
nicotinamide HMDB01406 Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism 0.97 0.22 0.99 0.19 0.99 0.19 1.00 0.20
pantothenate HMDB00210 Pantothenate and CoA metabolism 1.24 0.24 1.36 0.28 1.36 0.28 0.82 0.17
phosphopantetheine HMDB01416 Pantothenate and CoA metabolism 1.00 0.19 1.20 0.33 1.20 0.33 0.94 0.16
riboflavin (Vitamin B2) HMDB00244 Riboflavin metabolism 1.07 0.05 1.08 0.23 1.08 0.23 0.80 0.15
Energy acetylphosphate HMDB01494 Oxidative phosphorylation 0.98 0.20 1.11 0.18 1.11 0.18 0.97 0.04
citrate HMDB00094 Krebs cycle 1.15 0.32 1.49 0.43 1.49 0.43 0.79 0.18
fumarate HMDB00134 Krebs cycle 0.95 0.33 1.14 0.35 1.14 0.35 1.08 0.31
malate HMDB00156 Krebs cycle 0.94 0.24 1.05 0.20 1.05 0.20 0.94 0.07
phosphate HMDB01429 Oxidative phosphorylation 0.97 0.07 0.98 0.05 0.98 0.05 1.03 0.04
pyrophosphate (PPi) HMDB00250 Oxidative phosphorylations 1.04 0.30 1.15 0.27 1.15 0.27 425F02;0.89 0.20
Nucleotides adenine HMDB00034 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 0.81 0.18 0.86 0.13 0.86 0.13 1.35 0.28
adenosine HMDB00050 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 0.73 0.21 0.67 0.16 0.67 0.16 2.87 0.63
adenosine 2′-monophosphate (2′-AMP) HMDB11617 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 1.42 0.48 1.35 0.22 1.35 0.22 0.58 0.10
adenosine 3′-monophosphate (3′-AMP) HMDB03540 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 1.03 0.20 1.09 0.18 1.09 0.18 0.87 0.19
adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) HMDB00045 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 1.04 0.32 1.05 0.23 1.05 0.23 0.93 0.36
allantoin HMDB00462 Purine metabolism, urate metabolism 0.70 0.39 0.92 0.51 0.92 0.51 0.99 0.95
arabinosylhypoxanthine Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing 0.76 0.38 0.71 0.17 0.71 0.17 0.63 0.00
cytidine HMDB00089 Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing 8F3802;1.12 0.16 1.35 0.16 1.35 0.16 0.86 0.06
cytidine-3′-monophosphate (3′-CMP) Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing 8F3802;1.12 0.15 1.02 0.18 1.02 0.18 0.97 0.15
guanosine HMDB00133 Purine metabolism, guanine containing 0.65 0.28 0.70 0.18 0.70 0.18 1.76 0.30
hypoxanthine HMDB00157 Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing 1.13 0.32 1.14 0.19 1.14 0.19 0.94 0.10
inosine Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing 0.88 0.12 0.95 0.08 0.95 0.08 1.05 0.08
methylphosphate Purine and pyrimidine metabolism 1.00 0.33 1.26 0.20 1.26 0.20 0.95 0.09
N1-methyladenosine HMDB03331 Purine metabolism, adenine containing 0.94 0.26 1.02 0.18 1.02 0.18 0.71 0.23
pseudouridine HMDB00767 Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing 1.06 0.17 1.02 0.15 1.02 0.15 605002;0.99 0.14
uracil HMDB00300 Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing D11803;1.35 0.38 1.26 0.24 1.26 0.24 0.85 0.08
urate HMDB00289 Purine metabolism, urate metabolism 1.11 0.30 1.53 0.48 1.53 0.48 0.77 0.31
uridine HMDB00296 Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing 1.01 0.17 1.16 0.14 1.16 0.14 0.94 0.11
xanthine HMDB00292 Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing 0.91 0.18 1.02 0.18 1.02 0.18 0.96 0.08
xanthosine HMDB00299 Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing 1.25 0.42 1.54 0.36 1.54 0.36 0.81 0.14
Peptides anserine HMDB00194 Dipeptide derivative 1.56 1.31 0.78 0.46 0.78 0.46 0.96 0.40
gamma-glutamylalanine gamma-glutamyl 0.98 0.33 1.01 0.29 1.01 0.29 1.09 0.12
gamma-glutamylglutamate gamma-glutamyl 0.74 0.23 0.76 0.12 0.76 0.12 1.57 0.11
gamma-glutamylglutamine HMDB11738 gamma-glutamyl 0.84 0.13 0.97 0.15 0.97 0.15 1.14 0.16
gamma-glutamylglycine HMDB11667 gamma-glutamyl 0.48 0.34 0.60 0.36 0.60 0.36 1.18 0.23
gamma-glutamylleucine HMDB11171 gamma-glutamyl 1.24 0.33 0.11 0.32 0.11 0.32 0.99 0.12
gamma-glutamylmethionine gamma-glutamyl 1.07 0.28 0.96 0.25 0.96 0.25 0.92 0.14
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine HMDB00594 gamma-glutamyl 1.22 0.55 0.94 0.19 0.94 0.19 0.97 0.20
gamma-glutamylthreonine* gamma-glutamyl 0.93 0.24 764502;1.07 0.36 1.07 0.36 1.18 0.42
glycylglycine HMDB11733 Dipeptide 0.95 0.38 1.08 0.30 1.08 0.30 0.86 0.50
glycylleucine HMDB00759 Dipeptide 1.05 0.31 1.03 0.25 1.03 0.25 0.91 0.21
homocarnosine HMDB00745 Dipeptide derivative 0.87 0.18 1.01 0.19 1.01 0.19 1.22 0.28
isoleucylglycine Dipeptide 1.09 0.35 1.23 0.31 1.23 0.31 0.93 0.33
leucylglycine Dipeptide 1.22 0.64 1.23 0.38 1.23 0.38 0.73 0.27
leucylserine Dipeptide 1.32 0.65 1.50 0.35 1.50 0.35 0.85 0.20
Xenobiotics 2-ethylhexanoate (isobar with 2-propylpentanoate) Chemical 0.97 0.23 0.93 0.13 0.93 0.13 1.04 0.16
2-pyrrolidinone HMDB02039 Chemical 0.85 0.42 1.07 0.34 1.07 0.34 1.28 0.47
ergothioneine HMDB03045 Food component/Plant 1.28 0.28 0.66 0.12 0.66 0.12 0.94 0.71
erythritol HMDB02994 Sugar, sugar substitute, starch 0.87 0.32 0.96 0.22 0.96 0.22 1.00 0.19
glycerol 2-phosphate HMDB02520 Chemical 1.24 0.43 1.49 0.37 1.49 0.37 0.73 0.23
glycolate (hydroxyacetate) HMDB00115 Chemical 1.14 0.30 0.97 0.38 0.97 0.38 0.76 0.14
hippurate HMDB00714 Benzoate metabolism 0.94 0.26 1.14 0.39 1.14 0.39 0.78 0.16
pentobarbital Drug 1.12 0.29 1.15 0.49 1.15 0.49 1.01 0.21