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. 2014 Sep 1;4(9):e133. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2014.32

Table 2. Plasma amino acid concentrations according to the levels of fasting plasma insulin and HbA1c.

Group Total Insulin
 HbA1c
 
  
 High
 Low
 P-value
 High
 Low
 P-value
    male N=12 female N=14 male N=11 female N=14   male N=12 female N=14 male N=11 female N=14  
Essential amino acids (μmol l−1)
 Val
  M 281.7±33.4 293.3±24.7 269.0±38.1 0.0822 289.2±27.5 273.5±38.6 0.2724
  F 249.3±40.6 268.5±40.5 230.1±31.3 0.0093** 263.3±47.8 235.3±26.7 0.0666
 Ile
  M 84.0±15.6 87.4±15.8 80.3±15.3 0.2862 85.0±14.9 83.0±17.1 0.7661
  F 67.0±12.1 73.7±9.9 60.4±10.5 0.0019** 71.9±12.5 62.2±9.8 0.0302*
 Leu
  M 156.5±19.4 162.4±14.5 150.1±22.7 0.1351 157.9±16.1 155.0±23.3 0.7347
  F 130.8±19.2 137.9±18.2 123.7±18.1 0.0483* 138.2±18.9 123.4±17.0 0.0391*
 His
  M 86.4±6.9 86.2±5.6 86.7±8.3 0.8828 84.1±6.3 89.0±6.7 0.0812
  F 79.3±12.8 80.0±10.4 78.5±15.1 0.7596 80.1±10.8 78.4±14.9 0.7293
 Phe
  M 64.7±9.2 65.6±9.1 63.8±9.8 0.6539 63.7±8.5 65.8±10.3 0.5979
  F 60.5±6.6 62.2±6.7 58.8±6.3 0.1779 60.3±5.0 60.7±8.1 0.8632
 Trp
  M 59.8±7.7 62.5±7.9 56.9±6.7 0.0869 60.2±7.3 59.4±8.6 0.7989
  F 51.6±7.8 54.1±6.6 49.2±8.3 0.0953 52.9±7.5 50.4±8.1 0.4049
 Met
  M 29.5±8.7 31.9±10.7 26.9±5.2 0.1756 29.8±11.4 29.2±4.9 0.8751
  F 24.2±4.1 25.7±2.7 22.6±4.7 0.0390* 25.2±3.4 23.1±4.6 0.1876
 Thr
  M 122.6±21.9 129.0±25.4 115.7±15.6 0.1512 118.8±21.1 126.8±23.0 0.3983
  F 114.7±27.0 116.7±17.8 112.6±34.4 0.6938 119.0±28.3 110.3±25.9 0.4030
 Lys
  M 206.7±29.7 211.7±30.4 201.3±29.4 0.4153 201.4±32.0 212.6±27.4 0.3790
  F 199.6±38.6 211.4±41.5 187.9±32.9 0.1096 209.5±34.7 189.8±41.1 0.1831
Non-essential amino acids (μmol l−1)
 Ser
  M 104.4±19.0 109.5±18.3 98.9±19.0 0.1873 101.6±20.2 107.6±18.0 0.4595
  F 105.7±22.2 98.4±17.2 113.1±24.7 0.0789 107.1±17.9 104.4±26.4 0.7518
 Gly
  M 194.5±31.4 189.1±23.3 200.4±38.6 0.4031 190.5±35.8 198.9±26.7 0.5326
  F 189.7±50.7 186.1±34.1 193.2±64.5 0.7213 188.3±35.6 191.0±63.8 0.8919
 Ala
  M 447.4±80.9 473.1±83.2 419.5±71.8 0.1149 449.4±91.4 445.4±72.2 0.9087
  F 422.5±83.8 462.6±81.9 382.3±66.3 0.0084** 445.8±65.0 399.1±95.8 0.1439
 Tyr
  M 73.3±15.7 80.9±17.1 65.1±8.7 0.0118* 76.2±20.3 70.2±8.1 0.3703
  F 63.5±10.2 68.2±7.6 58.8±10.5 0.0115* 63.2±10.2 63.8±10.5 0.8732
 Glu
  M 43.9±16.1 51.5±18.7 35.7±6.6 0.0151* 42.4±9.3 45.6±21.7 0.6439
  F 32.9±15.3 33.8±17.6 30.5±9.8 0.5477 34.4±18.1 30.0±8.7 0.4169
 Pro
  M 181.2±50.6 203.0±58.2 157.4±26.8 0.0271* 192.4±57.6 169.0±41.0 0.2795
  F 157.3±60.5 171.7±49.2 142.9±68.8 0.2128 174.9±70.9 139.7±43.6 0.1256
 Gln
  M 584.0±60.0 569.5±64.8 599.8±52.7 0.2344 579.6±61.1 588.7±61.4 0.7235
  F 565.0±74.0 558.6±57.1 571.4±89.5 0.6553 570.7±66.4 559.3±83.0 0.6912
 Cit
  M 29.6±7.7 27.9±7.7 31.4±7.7 0.2934 26.9±6.5 32.5±8.2 0.0828
  F 26.5±9.9 25.4±10.0 27.5±10.0 0.5711 26.9±9.4 26.0±10.6 0.8043
 Arg
  M 99.4±15.6 101.0±14.8 97.7±17.0 0.6257 99.0±17.8 99.9±13.7 0.8984
  F 85.2±19.0 83.3±16.6 87.1±21.6 0.6061 83.7±18.7 86.6±19.9 0.6994
 Orn
  M 50.6±12.3 52.9±14.2 48.1±9.8 0.3627 49.7±15.8 51.6±7.5 0.7083
  F 48.8±10.4 49.6±11.5 48.1±9.4 0.7086 51.9±10.3 45.7±9.8 0.1162
 Asn
  M 47.9±5.5 48.8±5.9 46.9±5.0 0.4121 45.8±4.3 50.1±5.9 0.0596
  F 43.8±7.2 44.8±7.8 42.7±6.6 0.4612 44.8±5.5 42.8±8.6 0.4714
 a-ABA
  M 22.3±4.8 21.8±5.2 22.9±4.4 0.6019 22.2±6.3 22.5±2.6 0.8921
  F 21.7±6.7 20.8±5.7 22.6±7.7 0.4879 23.0±4.8 20.5±8.2 0.3231
 Amino acid index-1
  M 1.27±1.07 1.88±0.85 0.59±0.87 0.0018** 1.34±1.00 1.18±1.18 0.7267
  F 0.35±1.07 0.79±1.09 −0.09±0.88 0.0261* 0.63±1.14 0.07±0.95 0.1678
 Amino acid index-2
  M 17.0±3.4 18.6±2.7 15.2±3.3 0.0117* 18.0±3.6 15.8±2.9 0.1185
  F 15.5±3.7 17.3±3.3 13.6±3.2 0.0065** 16.2±3.9 14.7±3.6 0.2958

Abbreviations: F, female; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; M, male.

Data are expressed as the mean±s.d. P-values were determined by Student's t-test between high and low groups of fasting plasma insulin or HbA1c levels. Significant differences are highlighted in bold letters and shown as *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.