Table 1. Results of the Cox model with primary outcome vascular survival.

Parameter	Category	Reference	HR	95% CI		P-value	Marginal P-value
Age	18–50 years	50–65 years	1.01	0.86	1.19	0.91	<0.0001
	65–75 years		1.03	0.89	1.18	0.72
	>75 years		1.45	1.26	1.67	<0.0001
Gender	Male	Female	0.93	0.84	1.04	0.21
Diabetes	Yes	No	1.12	1.00	1.26	0.06
Heart failure	Yes	No	1.39	1.12	1.72	0.003
Vintage	6–24 Months	0–6 Months	1.04	0.81	1.33	0.79	0.34
	⩾24 Months		0.98	0.77	1.24	0.84
	Unknown		0.55	0.26	1.18	0.13
Platelet antiaggregation	Yes	No	1.11	1.00	1.24	0.05
Fistula type	Graft	Fistula	1.74	1.48	2.06	<0.0001
AV-fistula location	Right	Left	1.13	1.01	1.27	0.03
AV-fistula location	Proximal	Distal	1.49	1.33	1.67	<0.0001
Needle size	14 G	15 G	1.25	0.85	1.83	0.26	0.01
	16 G		1.21	1.07	1.38	0.003
	17 G		1.42	0.93	2.17	0.11
Cannulation technique	Buttonhole	Area	0.78	0.61	1.00	0.05	0.04
	Rope-ladder		0.89	0.79	1.00	0.06
Bevel and needle direction	Antegrade+bevel down	Antegrade+	0.97	0.82	1.14	0.71	0.03
	Retrograde+bevel up	bevel up	0.93	0.81	1.07	0.32
	Retrograde+bevel down		1.18	1.01	1.37	0.04
Blood flow	<300 ml/min	300–350 ml/min	1.18	1.01	1.36	0.03	0.03
	350–400 ml/min		0.91	0.80	1.04	0.16
	>400 ml/min		0.93	0.75	1.15	0.49
Venous pressure	<100 mm Hg	100–150 mm Hg	1.51	1.11	2.07	0.009	<0.0001
	150–200 mm Hg		1.40	1.20	1.64	<0.0001
	200–300 mm Hg		1.87	1.54	2.26	<0.0001
	>300 mm Hg		2.09	1.21	3.59	0.008
Arm compression at the time of cannulation	None	Patient	1.25	1.04	1.49	0.02	0.02
	Tourniquet	assistance	1.30	1.07	1.58	0.008

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.