Table 2.
Effect of Dietary Sodium on Hyperglycemic Clamp Measures
| Low Sodium | High Sodium | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 12 | 17 | |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 3.99 ± 0.04 | 3.92 ± 0.03 | .15 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 107.5 ± 2.7 | 112.5 ± 2.0 | .09 |
| Plasma renin activity, ng angiotensin I ·mL−1·h−1 | 2.93 ± 0.22 | 0.98 ± 0.17 | <.001 |
| Plasma aldosterone, ng/dL | 24.4 ± 1.8 | 7.2 ± 1.4 | <.001 |
| Plasma NT-pro-BNP, pmol/L | 3297 ± 2059 | 4983 ± 1195 | <.001 |
| Plasma norepinephrine, pg/mL | 83 ± 39 | 141 ± 15 | .22 |
| Plasma epinephrine, pg/mL | 4.80 ± 0.80 | 5.93 ± 0.91 | .49 |
| Urinary Na/Cr, mmol/g Cr | 10.0 ± 6.2 | 79.7 ± 4.8 | <.001 |
| Urinary K/Cr, mmol/g Cr | 50.3 ± 3.9 | 45.4 ± 3.1 | .25 |
| Urinary Na/K ratio | 0.20 ± 0.16 | 1.94 ± 0.12 | <.001 |
| Fasting | |||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 95.4 ± 1.9 | 95.0 ± 1.5 | .82 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 9.87 ± 1.59 | 12.27 ± 1.49 | .004 |
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 1.88 ± 0.20 | 2.06 ± 0.18 | .31 |
| Glucose infusion rate60–90, mg·kg−1·min−1 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | .72 |
| Glucose infusion rate90–120, mg·kg−1·min−1 | 10.1 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | .29 |
| Insulin sensitivity index, mg·kg−1·min−1 per μU/mL·100 | 19.7 ± 3.3 | 19.9 ± 3.0 | .98 |
| Acute insulin response to glucose | |||
| ΔInsulin0–10, μU/mL | 40.7 ± 6.0 | 49.4 ± 5.5 | .012 |
| AUCΔInsulin 0–10, μU/mL·min | 349.2 ± 49.7 | 415.5 ± 47.2 | .007 |
| ΔC-peptide0–10, μU/mL | 3.40 ± 0.49 | 4.35 ± 0.45 | .014 |
| Late insulin response to glucose | |||
| ΔInsulin60–90, μU/mL | 44.2 ± 8.5 | 54.2 ± 8.2 | .006 |
| ΔInsulin90–120, μU/mL | 56.0 ± 10.2 | 64.5 ± 9.6 | .11 |
| ΔC-peptide90–120, μU/mL | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 14.2 ± 1.0 | <.001 |
| Disposition index | 6.89 ± 0.88 | 7.03 ± 0.76 | .85 |
Abbreviation: Ang, angiotensin. Data are expressed as least square mean ± SE, and P values are obtained from the linear mixed-effects model.