Table 5.

Hazard ratios of psoriasis according to duration of regular anti-hypertensive medication use

	Cases	Person-years	Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariate-adjusted HR^a (95% CI)	Multivariate-adjusted HR^b (95% CI)
Overall anti-hypertensive medication
0	359	524,150	1.00	1.00	1.00
1–2 y	52	73,920	1.03 (0.77–1.38)	0.94 (0.70–1.27)	0.87 (0.63–1.19)
3–5 y	87	104,463	1.21 (0.96–1.54)	1.10 (0.87–1.40)	1.02 (0.78–1.32)
≥ 6 y	286	293,094	1.43 (1.22–1.68)	1.26 (1.06–1.49)	1.15 (0.93–1.41)
P for trend			<0.001	0.01	0.16
Thiazide diuretics
0	551	758,389	1.00	1.00	1.00
1–2 y	49	49,682	1.37 (1.02–1.84)	1.23 (0.92–1.66)	1.16 (0.85–1.57)
3–5 y	57	68,332	1.14 (0.87–1.50)	1.03 (0.78–1.35)	0.98 (0.74–1.29)
≥ 6 y	154	149,931	1.41 (1.18–1.69)	1.23 (1.02–1.49)	1.16 (0.95–1.41)
P for trend			<0.001	0.05	0.24
Beta-blockers
0	592	799,129	1.00	1.00	1.00
1–2 y	48	52,453	1.24 (0.92–1.67)	1.17 (0.87–1.57)	1.11 (0.82–1.51)
3–5 y	55	62,679	1.18 (0.90–1.56)	1.11 (0.84–1.46)	1.06 (0.79–1.40)
≥ 6 y	105	91,251	1.56 (1.26–1.92)	1.46 (1.18–1.81)	1.39 (1.11–1.73)
P for trend			<0.001	0.001	0.009
Calcium-channel blockers
0	670	877,735	1.00	1.00	1.00
1–2 y	34	35,865	1.23 (0.87–1.74)	1.14 (0.81–1.61)	1.07 (0.75–1.52)
3–5 y	58	48,415	1.55 (1.18–2.03)	1.43 (1.09–1.87)	1.34 (1.02–1.77)
≥ 6 y	51	53,360	1.25 (0.94–1.67)	1.13 (0.85–1.52)	1.08 (0.80–1.45)
P for trend			0.002	0.03	0.10
ACE inhibitors
0	680	866,002	1.00	1.00	1.00
1–2 y	42	41,808	1.29 (0.94–1.77)	1.20 (0.87–1.65)	1.11 (0.80–1.53)
3–5 y	42	44,844	1.18 (0.86–1.61)	1.09 (0.80–1.49)	1.00 (0.72–1.37)
≥ 6 y	53	54,590	1.23 (0.93–1.64)	1.12 (0.84–1.49)	1.03 (0.77–1.38)
P for trend			0.03	0.23	0.64

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Simultaneously adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, postmenopausal hormones use, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use, and multi-vitamins supplement.

Additionally adjusted for hypertension.