Table 1.
Summary of some of the reported metabolic factors influencing bone metabolism in hibernatorsa
| Hormone(s) | Species | Seasonal concentrations |
References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fall (pre-hibernation) | Winter (hibernation) |
Spring (post-hibernation) | Summer (active) | |||||
| Early hibernation | Late hibernation | |||||||
| Leptin | American Black Bear (U. americanus) | 4.0 ng/ml | 3.66–3.8 ng/ml | 2.08–3.1 ng/ml | Donahue et al. (2006a, 2006b) and Seger (2008) | |||
| Woodchuck (M. monax) | 1.11 ng/ml | 0.035–0.672 ng/ml | 0.888–0.1 ng/ml | 0.48–1.0 ng/ml | Doherty (2013) and Concannon et al. (2001) | |||
| Marmot (M. flaviventris) | 9.7 ng/ml | 10.7 ng/ml | 4.3 ng/ml | 3.2 ng/ml | Florant et al. (2004) | |||
| Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (C. lateralis) | 12.7 ng/ml | 6.25 ng/ml | 2.7 ng/ml | 2.5 ng/ml | 3.1 ng/ml | Florant et al. (2012) and Healy and Florant (2012) | ||
| Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat (S. heathi) | 140 pmol/l | 230 pmol/l | 125 pmol/l | 112 pmol/ml | 125 pmol/l | Srivastava and Krishna (2007) | ||
| Insulin | American Black Bear | 8.5–53 µU/ml | 6.4–17 µU/ml | 5.7–32 µU/ml | 7.47 µU/ml | 14 µU/ml | Bradford et al. (2010) and Palumbo et al. (1983) | |
| Marmot | 12.43–37.2 µU/ml | 20.1 µU/ml | 13.0 µU/ml | 4.31–10.3 µU/ml | 4.93 µU/ml | Florant et al. (1991) and Tokuyama et al. (1991) | ||
| Hedgehog (E. europaeus) | 3.15 µU/ml | 2.1–10.0 µU/ml | 3.27–45.0 µU/ml | Laurila and Suomalainen (1974) and Hoo-Paris et al. (1978) | ||||
| Garden dormouse (E. quercinus) | 17 µU/ml | 18.5 µU/ml | 20.5 µU/ml | Agid et al. (1978) | ||||
| Little Brown Bat (M. lucifugus) | 7.29 µU/ml | 16.05 µU/ml | 27.43 µU/ml | 5.07 µU/ml | Bauman (1990) | |||
| Glucose | American Black Bear | 71–165.26 mg/dl | 60–120 mg/dl | 136 mg/dl | 74 mg/dl | Bradford et al. (2010) and Palumbo et al. (1983) | ||
| Marmot | 154 mg/dl | 135 mg/dl | 131 mg/dl | 137 mg/dl | Tokuyama et al. (1991) | |||
| Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel | 59 mg/dl | 57 mg/dl | 130 mg/dl | 152 mg/dl | 166–220 mg/dl | Galster and Morrison (1975) | ||
| Little Brown Bat | 28 mg/dl | 155 mg/dl | Bauman (1990) | |||||
| Ghrelin | Grizzly Bear (U. arctos horribilis) | 110 pg/ml | 95 pg/ml | 160 pg/ml | Gardi et al. (2011) | |||
| Marmot | 4.05 ng/ml | 8.20 ng/ml | 9.86 ng/ml | Doherty et al.; unpublished data (2013) | ||||
| Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel | 8.0–4.5 ng/ml | 3.0–3.8 ng/ml | 1.0–3.0 ng/ml | 3.6–5.4 ng/ml | Healy et al. (2010) | |||
| Adiponectin | American Black Bear | 1912 ng/ml | 1333 ng/ml | 1906 ng/ml | Bradford et al. (2010) | |||
| Marmot | 1.2b | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.2 | Florant et al. (2004) | |||
| Little Brown Bat | 3–4 ng/ml | Townsend et al. (2008) | ||||||
| Thyroid (T4)c | American Black Bear | 1.2 µg/100 ml | 0.8 µg/100 ml | 1.6 µg/100 ml | Nelson et al. (1973) | |||
| Woodchuck | 7.5 µg | 11 µg | 4.5 µg | Wenberg and Holland (1973) | ||||
| Glucocorticoids | American Black Bear | 4.3–7.4 µg/dl | 5.6–7.7 µg/dl | 1.5–3.8 µg/dl | 1.8–5.4 µg/dl | Palumbo et al. (1983), Donahue et al. (2003a, 2003b) and Hellgren et al. (1993) | ||
| Woodchuck | 9.725 ng/ml | 7.325 ng/ml | Florant and Weitzman (1980) | |||||
| Marmot | 10 ng/ml | 54 ng/ml | Kastner et al. (1977) and Kastner et al. (1978) | |||||
| European Ground Squirrel (S. citellus) | 141.2 nmol/l | 49.97 nmol/l | 138.3 nmol/l | 170 nmol/l | 225.4 nmol/l | Shivatcheva et al. (1988) | ||
| Little Brown Bat | 0.435 µg/dl | 0.87 µg/dl | 0.525 µg/dl | 0.41 µg/dl | Gustafson and Belt (1981) | |||
aThis table reflects a summary of key studies in hibernation with potential insight into bone metabolism. The table is not intended to be all inclusive and the ranges given do not highlight seasonal changes that may be found in particular studies.
bProtein expression of serum adiponectin.
cT4 concentration is reported for comparison between studies because T3 was not investigated in both studies.