Table 1.
Participant demographics and behavioral group characteristics
| FHD+ | FHD− |
P-values Sig. 2-tailed |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | FHD+ vs. FHD− | |
| n | 14 | 14 | |
| Age (in months/psychometrics session) | 69.05 ± 4.98 | 67.71 ± 7.04 | 0.567 |
| Age (in months/imaging session) | 70.69 ± 4.76 | 69.16 ± 6.64 | 0.490 |
| Core language | 104.71 ± 10.43 | 111.00 ± 9.78 | 0.112 |
| Receptive language | 106.14 ± 13.83 | 109.86 ± 11.66 | 0.449 |
| Expressive language | 101.86 ± 11.11 | 110.71 ± 11.01 | 0.044* |
| Language contenta | 101.31 ± 10.79 | 108.67 ± 11.22 | 0.108 |
| Language structure | 105.14 ± 11.99 | 111.14 ± 9.81 | 0.159 |
| CTOPP | |||
| Elision | 9.14 ± 1.88 | 10.64 ± 2.68 | 0.098 |
| Blendingb | 10.46 ± 1.90 | 11.36 ± 1.39 | 0.172 |
| Nonword repetitionb | 9.54 ± 2.47 | 9.86 ± 2.25 | 0.729 |
| RAN | |||
| Objectsc | 89.93 ± 11.27 | 104.46 ± 11.52 | 0.003** |
| VATT | |||
| Inflectiond | 27.00 ± 5.05 | 24.00 ± 9.87 | 0.368 |
| Repetitiond | 36.00 ± 4.02 | 38.60 ± 1.26 | 0.064 |
| KBIT | |||
| Verbal abilityc | 111.5 ± 9.64 | 110.43 ± 11.56 | 0.792 |
| Nonverbal abilityc | 100.71 ± 11.43 | 101.93 ± 11.64 | 0.783 |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Sig. 2-tailed (independent samples t-test) | |
| In-scanner performance (raw scores; maxima = 128) | |||
| RAPa(pitch-discrimination) | |||
| Correct | 86.46 ± 21.93 | 99.17 ± 25.86 | 0.197 |
| Incorrect | 28.61 ± 14.96 | 21.00 ± 23.61 | 0.341 |
| RT (ms) | 1125 ± 212.34 | 1028.97 ± 184.70 | 0.238 |
| Mean rank | Mean rank | Sig. 2-tailed (Mann–Whitney) | |
| Socioeconomic status parental educatione | 11.59 | 14.11 | 0.387 |
| Income (total family income for last 12 months)f | 12.79 | 13.19 | 0.882 |
Note:
Measures (standard scores are reported).
a13 FHD+/12 FHD− (3 children did not finish all testing).
b13 FHD+/14 FHD− (1 child did not finish all testing).
c14 FHD+/13 FHD− (1 child did not finish all testing).
d12 FHD+/10 FHD− (6 children did not finish all testing).
eParental Education scores are calculated according to the 7-point Hollingshead Index Educational Factor Scale, summed for husband and wife and divided by 2.
fScale where 1 = 0–5000$, 2 = 5000–11 999$, 3 = 12 000–15 999$, 4 = 16 000–24 999$, 5 = 25 000–34 999$, 6 = 35 000–49 900$, 7 = 50 000–74 999$, 8 = 75 000–99 999$, 9 = 100E000+ $, 10 = do not know, 11 = no response.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; 2-tailed t-test; all other t-tests nonsignificant at threshold of P = 0.05.