Table 2.
Overview of enteroaggregative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections described in literature
| References | Year of isolation | Country of isolation | Serotype | Source of infection | Sporadic or outbreak related | Imported? | Disease | Stx | ESBL | Lactose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23,30 | 1992 | France | O111:H2 | Probably person to person transmission; no food or drinks found | Outbreak (n = ?; 8 strains with Agg phenotype) | NR | D, BD, HUS | Stx2 | NR | NR |
| 24 | 1999 | Japan | O86:HNM | NR | Sporadic | NR | HUS, encephalopathy | Stx2 | NR | NR |
| 16,31 | 2001 | Germany | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HC, HUS | Stx2 | NR | NR |
| 18 | 2004 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HC | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 16 | 2006 | Norway | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | D | Stx2 | NR | NR |
| 18 | 2009 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 19 | 2009 | Italy | O104:H4 | Probably person to person transmission | Sporadic | Tunisia, travel | BD, HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 6,32 | 2009 | Republic of Georgia | O104:H4 | NR | Outbreak (n = ?; 2 strains with Agg phenotype) | NR | BD | Stx2a | − | + |
| 20 | 2010 | Sweden | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Tunisia, travel | NR | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 3,6 | 2011 | Germany | O104:H4 | Probably seeds, grown to fenugreek sprouts | Outbreak (n = 3816) | Probably Egyptian seeds | D, BD, HUS | Stx2 | + | + |
| 3,33 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | Probably seeds, grown to fenugreek sprouts | Outbreak (n = 24) | Probably Egyptian seeds | D, BD, HUS | Stx2 | + | + |
| 22 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 22 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 22 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Turkey, travel | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 22 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | NR | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 22 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | North Africa, travel | HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 21 | 2011 | Germany | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Turkey, travel | BD | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 21 | 2011 | Germany | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Turkey, travel | BD | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 21 | 2011 | Denmark | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Turkey, travel | D | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 21 | 2011 | France | O104:H4 | NR | Outbreak (n = 8) | Turkey, travel | D, BD, HUS | Stx2 | − | NR |
| 25 | 2012 | Ireland | O111:H21 | NR | Outbreak, household (n = 3) | − | D, HUS | Stx2c | − | NR |
| This report | 2012 | Belgium | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Tunisia, travel | BD | Stx2a | − | + |
| This report | 2013 | Belgium | O104:H4 | NR | Sporadic | Turkey, travel | HUS | Stx2a | + | − |
NR, not reported; −, negative; +, positive; D, diarrhoea; BD, bloody diarrhoea; HC, haemorrhagic colitis; HUS, haemolytic uraemic syndrome; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; Stx, Shiga toxin.