Table 1.
Bivariate associations between socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics and history of non-fatal overdose (OD) on prescription opioids and/or tranquilizers in a sample of 596 high-risk young adults.
| Total sample n = 596 n (%) |
OD history n = 138 n (%) |
No OD history n = 458 n (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Site (LA) | 303(50.8) | 71 (51.4) | 232(50.7) | 1.03 (0.71,1.51) |
| Mean age (years) | 20.86 | 21.02 | 20.81 | 1.05 (0.96,1.15) |
| Sex at birth (male) | 403(67.6) | 96(69.6) | 307(67.2) | 1.12(0.74,1.69) |
| Race (white) | 333(55.9) | 78(56.5) | 255(56.0) | 1.02(0.69,1.50) |
| Sexual identity (heterosexual) | 401 (67.3) | 91 (66.4) | 310(67.8) | 0.94(0.63,1.41) |
| Completed high school | 445(74.7) | 99(71.7) | 346(75.5) | 0.82(0.54,1.26) |
| Lower social class growing up | 264(44.3) | 77(56.2) | 187(41.1) | 1.84(1.25, 2.71)** |
| Past 90-day homelessness | 355(59.6) | 105(76.1) | 250(54.6) | 2.65 (1.72, 4.08)*** |
| Past 90-day injection drug use | 202(33.9) | 77(55.8) | 125(27.3) | 3.36(2.27, 4.99)*** |
| Lifetime prescribed use of | ||||
| Opioids | 434(72.8) | 111 (80.4) | 323(70.5) | 1.72(1.08, 2.74)* |
| Tranquilizers | 271 (45.5) | 94(68.1) | 177(38.6) | 3.39(2.26, 5.08)*** |
| Stimulants | 269(45.1) | 74(53.6) | 195(42.6) | 1.56(1.06, 2.29)* |
| Lifetime history of institutionalization and family problems | ||||
| Drug treatment | 250(41.9) | 81 (58.7) | 164(36.9) | 2.43 (1.65, 3.58)*** |
| Incarceration | 385(64.6) | 107(77.5) | 278(60.7) | 2.24(1.44, 3.48)*** |
| Care in psychiatric hospital | 224(37.6) | 77(55.8) | 147(32.1) | 2.67 (1.81, 3.94)*** |
| Lived in foster/group home | 176(29.5) | 51 (37.0) | 125(27.3) | 1.56(1.04, 2.34)* |
| Witness family member OD | 207(34.7) | 65(50.0) | 142(32.3) | 2.09(1.41,3.11)*** |
| Lifetime drug use practices | ||||
| Heroin | 292(49.0) | 93(67.4) | 199(43.4) | 2.69(1.80, 4.02)*** |
| Cocaine | 500(83.9) | 128(92.8) | 372(81.2) | 2.96(1.49, 2.87)** |
| Methamphetamine | 297(49.8) | 88(63.8) | 209(45.6) | 2.10(1.42,3.11)*** |
| Sniff or snort Rx opioids | 357(59.9) | 111 (80.4) | 246(53.8) | 3.53 (2.23, 5.58)*** |
| Sniff or snort Rx tranquilizers | 270(45.3) | 90(65.2) | 180(39.3) | 2.90(1.95, 4.31)*** |
| Injection of Rx opioids | 154(25.8) | 65(47.1) | 89(19.5) | 3.68 (2.45, 5.53)*** |
| Injection of Rx tranquilizers | 63(10.8) | 35(25.4) | 28(6.1) | 5.22(3.04, 8.97)*** |
| Past 90-day misuse of Rx | ||||
| Opioids | 475(79.7) | 123(89.1) | 352(77.2) | 2.47 (1.39, 4.40)** |
| Tranquilizers | 422(70.8) | 114(82.6) | 308(67.5) | 2.31 (1.43, 3.74)** |
| Stimulants | 265(44.5) | 50(36.2) | 215(47.1) | 0.64(0.43, 0.95)* |
| Frequency of misuse in past 30 days, mean # of days (SD) | ||||
| Opioids | 4.55 (7.2) | 6.55 (8.6) | 3.95 (6.5) | 1.05 (1.02,1.07)*** |
| Tranquilizers | 4.09 (7.2) | 6.54 (8.8) | 3.35 (6.4) | 1.06(1.03,1.08)*** |
| Stimulants | 2.07 (5.5) | 1.64 (5.1) | 2.19(5.6) | 0.98 (0.94,1.02) |
| Frequency of use in past 90 days, mean # of days(SD) | ||||
| Heroin | 12.84 (25.5) | 21.57 (31.4) | 10.21 (22.9) | 1.02(1.01,1.03)*** |
| Cocaine | 5.44 (12.9) | 6.83 (15.3) | 5.02(12.1) | 1.01 (0.99,1.02) |
| Methamphetamine | 5.86 (17.1) | 9.55 (20.7) | 4.75 (15.7) | 1.01 (1.00,1.02)** |
*
p<0.05.
**
p<0.01.
***
p < 0.001.