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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 9.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2014 Jun 25;33(25):4469–4481. doi: 10.1002/sim.6243

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Illustration of the dyslipidemia example. Dyslipidemia is a latent construct which is physically measured by triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels. True radiation dose received at the time of exposure also has an impact on the physical measures of dyslipidemia (triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol). True radiation dose is not directly observable, it is therefore estimated by log(DS02) which is affected by both classical (u) and Berkson (v) measurement errors. While transformed chromosome aberrations (TCA) and scores of acute symptoms of radiation exposure (score) are instrumental variables for true radiation dose.