Table 2.

Psychotherapeutic approaches and techniques to facilitate the psychosocial factors underlying resilience

Factor	Cognitive approaches	Behavioral approaches
Optimism	Modification of core beliefs and expectancies for the future.
Cognitive flexibility	Practice reappraising, reframing, and assimilating life experiences (traumatic and nontraumatic). Cultivate acceptance for distress, difficulties, etc. Develop mindfulness for thoughts and feelings.
Active coping skills (versus passive)	Monitor automatic thoughts; minimize continued appraisal of threat; maintain positive self-regard in the face of adversity.	Practice asking for/seeking help and resources. Exposure/inoculation to unwanted/aversive thoughts and feelings. Practice facing one's fears.
Physical health		Behavioral activation: physical activity and exercise.
Social support network		Establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. Connect with a resilient role model.
Personal moral compass	Maintain adaptive, positive core beliefs.	Behavioral activation: altruistic behavior. Engage with faith/spiritual leaders, role models, etc. Engage in activities and goals that yield purpose and meaning for your life.