Table 2. Seroepidemiology of CA16 in the world.
| Country/district | Year | Clinical Category of Sera | Age | Number tested for Neutralizing Antibody | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Anti-CA16 positive | Anti-EV71 positive | Both anti-CA16 and anti-EV71 positive | ||||||
| U.K. | 1979–1980 | Adult | 17–77 y | 80 | 11.25% (9/80) | N/A | N/A | Urquhart GE73 | |
| Paediatric | 1–13 y | 80 | 47.50% (38/80) | N/A | N/A | ||||
| HFMD patients | 3–45 y | 10 | 100.00% (10/10) | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Adult carditis | 15–78 y | 26 | 3.85% (1/26) | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Abortion | 19–37 y | 29 | 48.28% (14/29) | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Germany | 2006 | Patients | >1 year | 696 | 62.90% (438/696) | 42.80% (298/696) | 30.60% (213/696) | Rabenau HF50 | |
| 1~4 | 27.00% (188/696) | 12.00% (84/696) | N/A | ||||||
| 5~9 | 52.00% (362/696) | 49.00% (341/696) | N/A | ||||||
| 10~14 | 73.50% (512/696) | N/A | N/A | ||||||
| 15~19 | 64.00% (445/696) | N/A | N/A | ||||||
| 20~39 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||
| 40~59 | 83.00% (578/696) | N/A | N/A | ||||||
| >60 | 72.40% (504/696) | N/A | N/A | ||||||
| China | Six provinces of China | 2005 | Infants and Children | <5 y | 900 | 43.33% (390/900) | 32.00% (288/900) | N/A | Zhu Zhen30 |
| Jiangsu province | 2007.9–2009.7 | Parturient women | N/A | 555 | 89.1% (494/555) | 85.3% (473/555) | N/A | Zhu FC49 | |
| Infants | 27–38 mo | 143 | 62.9% (90/143) | 69.2% (99/143) | 37.76% (54/143) | ||||
|
Ningbo city |
2008~2011 | Infants and Children | 1–19 y | 221 | 60.63% (134/221) | 48.42% (107/221) | 37.56% (83/221) | Ni H48 | |
| Adult | >20 y | 37 | 78.38% (29/37) | 81.58% (31/37) | 64.84% (24/37) | ||||
|
Fujian and Jiangsu provinces |
2008 | HFMD patients | N/A | 324 | 55.56% (180/324) | 30.86% (100/324) | N/A | Xu F58 | |
| Guangdong city | 2009 | HFMD patients | 1–7 y | 79 | 46.84% (37/79) | N/A | 8.86% (7/79) | Lin Y74 | |
| 79 | N/A | 34.18% (27/79) | 3.80% (3/79) | ||||||