FIG. 2.

Methods to generate and cultivate MSC aggregates. MSC aggregates can be generated by (A) spontaneous self-assembly; (B) gravity-induced aggregation in hanging drops; or in (C) confined space of 96-well plates. Applied centrifugal forces induce MSC aggregation in (D) tubes or (E) AggreWell. (F) MSC aggregates form on chitosan membranes through the increased cell motility. (G) Thermal lifting liberates MSC-ECM complexes to form aggregates. Long-term culture of MSC aggregates in (H) low attachment plates, (I) stirred bioreactors, or (J) semisolid gels. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/teb