Table 3.

Aggregation Enhanced Secretion of Trophic Factors Compared to 2D Monolayer

Type of secreted factors	MSC source	Method for aggregation	Trophic factor detected	Ref.
Anti-inflammatory	Human bone marrow	Hanging drop	500- to 1000-fold increase in TSG-6, and 300-fold PGE2 expression	5,18
	Human adipose tissue	Hanging drop	Fivefold increase in SDF-1 expression	79
Tumor suppressor	Human bone marrow	Low attachment plates	75-fold increase in IL-24 expression	6
Chemotactic receptor	Human bone marrow	Hanging drop	35% increase in CXCR4 expression	37
	Human gingiva	Low attachment plates	35% increase in CXCR4 expression compared to 2D	12
Proangiogenic	Human umbilical cord	Low attachment plates	Threefold increase in VEGF	59
	Human gingiva	Low attachment plates	Three to fivefold increase in MCP-2, MCP-3, RANTES, M-CSF, EGF, VEGF, SDF-1, and angiogenin expression	12
	Human adipose tissue	Spinner flask	5- to 10-fold increase in FGF-2, HGF, and VEGF expression compared to dissociated cells	38
	Human adipose tissue	Hanging drop	23-fold increase in angiopoietin-like 2 expression	79

TSG-6, TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; IL-24, interleukin-24; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MCP-2, monocyte chemotactic protein 2; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; EGF, epithelial growth factor; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor.