Figure 4. The distinctions between pulsed and continuous wave laser vaccine adjuvants. There are 2 major types of laser vaccine adjuvant (LVA). Each class of LVA has a distinct mode of laser-tissue interaction, mechanisms of action, and the effect on antigen presenting cells (APCs). NIR, near-infrared; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; DC, dendritic cell; LNs, lymph nodes.