Table 1. Comparison of laser parameters used in different LVA studies.
| Study Source | Onikienko et al. | Chen et al. | Kashiwagi et al. | Kashiwagi et al. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laser Type | Copper vapor | Q switched Nd:YAG | Q switched Nd:YVO4 | Nd:YVO4 |
| Wavelength | 578/511 nm | 532 nm | 532 nm | 1064 nm |
| Beam Profile | Flat top | Gaussian | Parabolic | Parabolic |
| Target Spot Diameter | 5 mm | 7 mm | 5 mm | 5 mm |
| Pulse Duration | 10 ns | 5–7 ns | 10 ns | Continuous |
| Pulse Frequency | 10 kHz | 10 Hz | 10 kHz | Continuous |
| Pulse Energy | 60 µJ | 30 mJ | 67 µJ | 1 J |
| Pulse Power | 1.5 kW | 5 MW | 2 kW | 1 W |
| Average Power | 0.15 - 0.3 W | 0.3 W | 0.2 W | 1 W |
| Irradiance | 0.8 to 3.0 W/cm2 | 0.78 W/cm2 | 1.0 W/cm2 | 5 W/cm2 |
| Exposure Duration | 1–3 min | 2 min | 4 min | 1 min |
| Fluence | 180–300 J/cm2 | 94 J/cm2 | 240 J/cm2 | 300 J/cm2 |
| References | 52,75,76 | 35,53,74 | 51 | 51 |
Nd:YAG, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:YVO4, Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate.