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. 2014 Oct 6;5:438. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00438

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Early steps in carcinogenesis include immune evasion by upregulating IDO expression in the tumor microenvironment. This model proposes the development of immune evasion mechanisms early during transformation, which stimulate local IDO activity prior to the development of adaptive anti-tumor immunity and generation of the selective pressure responsible for cancer immunoediting.