Table 5.

Other miscellaneous current practices against scarring.

Verapamil	Usually intralesional 2.5 mg/ml [81], but also topical 7% cream [103].
	It is a calcium antagonist that decreases collagen production in the ECM and stimulates collagenase synthesis, reducing fibrotic tissue production [81].
Topical retinoic acid (0.05% isotretinoin)	Clinical studies suggest that it lightly diminishes the size and symptoms of keloids, but it should not be considered first-line therapy [79]
Hyaluronic acid	Controversial results: While some argue it may prevent excessive scarring [104], others [105] defend the opposite
Radiofrequency	Although collagen fibril changes have been reported, significant clinical improvement is still lacking [106]
Dermatography	Microsurgical needle tattooing provides camouflage pigmentation and induces scar atrophy via the cutting action of the needles.
	Dyspigmentation and textural abnormalities of large scars can be reduced with dermatography [107].
Pentoxifylline	This anti-fibrinolytic drug, popularly used to manage peripheral vascular disease, inhibits burn scar fibroblasts in vitro [108]
Fibrostat	Putrescine 50 mmol/l
Colchicine	Alters cytoskeleton and the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Inhibits inflammation and may prevent keloid recurrence [109]
Mitomycin C	Appears to prevent scar tissue formation, but not keloid recurrence [110]
Ultraviolet light	UVA1 increases collagenase activity [109]
Epicatechin gallate	Catechins are a type of polyphenolic compound with in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [111]
Anogeissus latifolia	It is a deciduous tree native to India whose bark is used in tanning and contains leucocyanin and ellagic acids. It has antimicrobial and healing properties [112]
Butea monosperma	It is the bark of a tropical evergreen, with antioxidant and wound healing properties [112]
Curcumin	It blocks fibroblast proliferation [112]
MEBO	=Moist Exposed Burn Ointment. Contains multiple herbs with beta-sitosterol [112].
Mederma skin gel	Onion extract gel with scarce scientific evidence yet, although onion extracts are gaining popularity in the literature [81,94]
Contractubex gel	Contains onion extract with heparin and allantoin [81]
Vitamin E	May actually worsen scars or cause contact dermatitis [112]
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells	Promising preclinical studies [113], but more research warranted