Table 4.

Subgroup analyses of the mania prodrome duration according to the number of concurrent symptoms

Moderator variable	N	≥ 1 prodromal symptom		p-value	≥ 2 prodromal symptoms		p-value	≥ 3 prodromal symptoms		p-value
		Mean ± SD	95% CI		Mean ± SD	95% CI		Mean ± SD	95% CI
Informant8				0.12			0.097			0.067
Patient	28	12.2 ± 14.4	6.7–17.8		5.1 ±5.2	3.1–7.1		3.3 ±4.0	1.8–4.9
Guardian	28	16.7 ±21.3	8.4–25.0		11.5 ±18.9	4.2–18.8		9.9 ±17.6	3.1–16.8
First-degree family history of BDb				0.085			0.078			0.20
Yes	15	26.3 ± 20.7	14.9–37.7		19.3 ±20.1	8.2–30.4		14.6 ± 17.2	5.1–24.1
No	36	16.0 ±18.2	9.9–22.2		10.1 ±14.9	5.1–15.2		8.8 ±13.2	4.3–13.2
Onset of mania before age 12				0.54			0.49			0.38
Yes	14	21.6 ±22.2	8.8–34.4		15.4 ±21.4	3.1–27.7		13.3 ±18.5	2.6–24.0
No	38	17.8 ±18.3	11.8–23.8		11.7 ±15.0	6.8–6.6		9.3 ±12.8	5.1–13.5
Comorbid ODD/CD				0.083			0.011			0.011
Yes	25	23.6 ±21.8	14.6–32.6		18.7 ±20.8	10.1–27.3		15.6 ±18.9	7.8–23.3
No	27	14.4 ± 15.6	8.2–20.5		7.1 ± 9.4	3.4–10.8		5.5 ±5.6	3.3–7.7
Comorbid ADHD				0.84			0.92			0.75
Yes	17	18.0 ±16.3	9.7–26.4		13.0 ±14.5	5.6–20.5		11.3 ± 11.9	5.2–17.4
No	35	19.2 ±20.8	12.1–26.3		12.5 ±18.0	6.3–18.7		9.9 ±15.7	4.5–15.3

SD = standard deviation; CI = confidence interval; BD = bipolar disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

^aOnly complete pairs included in the matched-pair analyses.

^bBased on 51 patients with information (one patient was adopted).