Table 1.
Subject characteristics
| Demographics | C (n=9) | SD (n=7) | S (n=6) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average age (years) | 58.11 ± 8.28 | 59.86 ± 3.39 | 56.67 ± 2.49 | 0.8458 |
| Gender | F:1/M:8 | F:1/M:6 | F:1/M:5 | 0.9522 |
| Average height (m) | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.69 ± 0.02 | 0.6845 |
| Average weight (kg) | 80 ± 11.94 | 72.29 ± 4.99 | 79.66 ± 5.95 | 0.467 |
| Average BMI | 27.44 ± 4.11 | 24.26 ± 1.13 | 27.72 ± 1.49 | 0.2433 |
| Average cigarettes/day | 0 | 18.43 ± 4.07 | 24.5 ± 3.49 | 0.00022* |
| Average alcohol intake/day (mL) in the last 6 months | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 41.3 ± 14.3 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.004* |
| Estimated total drinks† | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 1668.9 ± 598.8 | 0.44 ± 0.44 | 0.004* |
| Daily mouthwash use | Yes (1) | Yes (3) | Yes (1) | 0.3132 |
| No (8) | No (4) | No (5) | ||
| Tooth cleaning frequency (per day) | 1× (0) | 1× (1) | 1× (1) | 0.7669 |
| 2× (4) | 2× (3) | 2× (2) | ||
| 3× (5) | 3× (3) | 3× (3) | ||
| Self reported gingival bleeding | Yes (4) | Yes (1) | Yes (3) | 0.9676 |
| No (5) | No (6) | No (3) | ||
| Use of dentures | Yes (4) | Yes (4) | Yes (3) | 0.8858 |
| No (5) | No (3) | No (3) | ||
| Frequency of dentist appointments | 1×/year (5) | 1×/year (2) | 1×/year (1) | 0.5425 |
| 1×/2-5 years (1) | 1×/2-5 years (2) | 1×/2-5 years (1) | ||
| 1×/5 years (2) | 1×/5 years (1) | 1×/5 years (2) | ||
| Never (1) | Never (2) | Never (2) |
Values are given as average ± standard error. Height is given in meters (m), weight in kilograms (kg) and average daily alcohol intake is shown in milliliters (mL) per day. † Estimated total drinks = (average alcohol intake/day (mL)) × (years drinking). C: controls; SD: smokers/drinkers; S: only smokers; F: females; M: males; BMI: body mass index. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) are indicated (*) by the Kruskal-Wallis Test.