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| Endogenous | |
| erythrocytes | |
| hemoglobin | |
| myoglobin | |
| metabolic products | homogentisic acid (alcaptonuria), porphyrins |
| amorphous urates (brick-dust sediment) | |
| Exogenous | |
| foods | red beets (betanidine), rhubarb (anthrone derivatives), blackberries, food coloring (e.g., aniline) |
| drugs | chloroquine, deferoxamine, ibuprofen, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, phenolphthalein, phenothiazines, phenytoin, imipenem/cilastatin |
| bacteria | Serratia marcescens |
