Table 1.
Preoperative and operative data in patients with normal-flow, high-gradient (NF-HG) and those with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient (PLF-LG) aortic stenosis
| PLF-LG group (n = 33) | NF-HG group (n = 105) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||
| Age, years | 72 ± 8 | 69 ± 10 | 0.12 |
| Male gender | 21 (64) | 64 (61) | 0.78 |
| Height, m | 1.68 ± 0.09 | 1.64 ± 0.10 | 0.18 |
| Weight, kg | 80 ± 20 | 76 ± 14 | 0.15 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.13 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 5.6 | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 0.59 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125 ± 19 | 127 ± 18 | 0.80 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73 ± 11 | 74 ± 10 | 0.96 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 26 (79) | 74 (70) | 0.34 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 33 (100) | 86 (82) | 0.0008 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 12 (36) | 28 (27) | 0.29 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 11 (33) | 29 (28) | 0.53 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 19 (58) | 37 (36) | 0.03 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL median (25–75%) | 863 (584–1224) | 778 (535–1295) | 0.82 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L median (25–75%) | 95 (80–105) | 86 (70–98) | 0.04 |
| Doppler-echocardiographic data | |||
| Aortic annulus diameter, mm | 20.7 ± 1.5 | 21.4 ± 2.0 | 0.07 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter index, mm/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.0 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 0.04 |
| LV end-diastolic volume index, mL/m2 | 48 ± 9 | 53 ± 14 | 0.06 |
| Interventricular septum thickness, mm | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 2.6 | 0.02 |
| Left ventricular posterior wall thickness, mm | 10.5 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 0.003 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 98 ± 24 | 123 ± 33 | 0.0002 |
| Relative wall thickness ratio | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.04 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 63 ± 8 | 64 ± 8 | 0.57 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 57 ± 10 | 76 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 30 ± 4 | 42 ± 5 | <0.0001 |
| Transvalvular flow rate, mL/s | 186 ± 36 | 240 ± 42 | <0.0001 |
| Peak aortic jet velocity, cm/s | 348 ± 49 | 463 ± 45 | <0.0001 |
| Peak gradient, mmHg | 49 ± 11 | 86 ± 17 | <0.0001 |
| Mean gradient, mmHg | 29 ± 7 | 53 ± 10 | <0.0001 |
| Doppler velocity index | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.003 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.69 ± 0.13 | 0.19 |
| Indexed aortic valve area, cm2/m2 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.56 |
| Systemic arterial compliance, mL/mmHg/m2 | 0.61 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.0005 |
| Valvulo-arterial impedance, mmHg/mL/m2 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0001 |
| Operative data | |||
| Concomitant CABG, n (%) | 18 (55) | 37 (35) | 0.05 |
| Bicuspid valve, n (%) | 5 (15) | 44 (42) | 0.003 |
| Aortic valve weight, g | |||
| Whole cohort | 1.90 (1.63–2.50) | 2.60 (1.66–3.32) | 0.03 |
| Men | 2.30 (1.80–2.55) | 3.00 (2.30–3.72) | 0.001 |
| Women | 1.60 (1.27–2.03) | 1.60 (1.30–2.40) | 0.81 |
| Tricuspid valve | 1.80 (1.63–2.50) | 2.30 (1.58–3.00) | 0.26 |
| Bicuspid valve | 2.72 (1.73–3.61) | 2.60 (2.10–3.55) | 0.93 |