Table 3.
Cox‐Proportional‐Hazard Analysis for Association of Variables With All‐Cause Mortality in Univariate and Multivariable Models
| Variable | Univariate (Unadjusted) Model Results | Age‐ and Sex‐Adjusted Model Results | Full Multivariable Model Results* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) [0.639] | 1.53 (1.20, 1.94) [<0.001] | 1.39 (1.08, 1.80) [0.011] |
| Age (per 10 year increase) | 2.42 (2.20, 2.67) [<0.001] | 2.50 (2.27, 2.76) [<0.001] | 1.97 (1.75, 2.21) [<0.001] |
| Ischemic ST changes | 1.83 (1.28, 2.61) [<0.001] | 1.12 (0.79, 1.61) [0.522] | 1.04 (0.71, 1.53) [0.825] |
| Chronotrophic incompetence | 2.50 (1.98, 3.16) [<0.001] | 1.74 (1.37, 2.22) [<0.001] | 1.09 (0.84, 1.42) [0.520] |
| FAC* (per 10% increase) | 0.73 (0.70, 0.78) [<0.001] | 0.79 (0.75, 0.84) [<0.001] | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) [<0.001] |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase) | |||
| Among those BMI<40 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) [0.002] | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) [0.115] | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) [<0.001] |
| Among those BMI ≥40 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) [0.732] | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) [0.114] | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) [0.082] |
| Smoking past/current | 2.02 (1.59, 2.58) [<0.001] | 1.79 (1.40, 2.30) [<0.001] | 1.61 (1.25, 2.07) [<0.001] |
| Diabetes | 2.10 (1.53, 2.88) [<0.001] | 1.59 (1.16, 2.19) [0.004] | 1.41 (0.89, 2.24) [0.147] |
| Total cholesterol (per 20 unit increase) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) [0.317] | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) [0.223] | — |
| HDL (per 10 unit decrease) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) [0.178] | 1.00 (0.90, 1.10) [0.930] | — |
| LDL (per 20 unit increase) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) [0.680] | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) [0.637] | — |
| Glucose (per 1 unit increase) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) [0.006] | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) [0.081] | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) [0.540] |
| Triglycerides | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) [0.722] | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) [0.520] | — |
| Family history of coronary disease | 0.70 (0.55, 0.88) [0.003] | 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) [0.439] | 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) [0.660] |
| Hypertension therapy | 2.18 (1.71, 2.79) [<0.001] | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) [0.232] | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) [0.679] |
| Lipid lowering therapy | 1.15 (0.70, 1.88) [0.574] | 0.71 (0.43, 1.16) [0.176] | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) [0.229] |
| Hypotensive BP response | 1.05 (0.44, 2.55) [0.908] | 0.99 (0.41, 2.41) [0.990] | 0.79 (0.32, 1.94) [0.605] |
| Typical angina during exercise | 3.39 (2.15, 5.35) [<0.001] | 1.77 (1.12, 2.80) [0.015] | 1.52 (0.93, 2.48) [0.098] |
| Resting systolic BP | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) [0.543] | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) [0.821] | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) [0.512] |
| Resting diastolic BP | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) [0.204] | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) [0.143] | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) [0.130] |
| HR recovery* (per 1 beat increase) | 0.89 (0.88, 0.91) [<0.001] | 0.94 (0.92, 0.95) [<0.001] | 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) [<0.001] |
| Premature atrial beats | |||
| None | 1.0 (ref) [F test P<0.001] | 1.0 (ref) [F test P=0.461] | 1.0 (ref) [F test P=0.469] |
| <5 | 1.77 (1.37, 2.29) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) |
| >5 | 3.59 (2.30, 5.61) | 1.31 (0.83, 2.07) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.72) |
| Premature ventricular beats | |||
| None | 1.0 (ref) [F test P<0.001] | 1.0 (ref) [F test P=0.088] | 1.0 (ref) [F test P=0.062] |
| <5 | 1.47 (1.13, 1.92) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 1.20 (0.91, 1.57) |
| >5 | 2.64 (1.86, 3.73) | 1.48 (1.04, 2.11) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.15) |
BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FAC, functional aerobic capacity; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; HRR, heart rate recovery; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
Multivariable model had an apparent c‐statistic of 0.835 and a bias‐corrected c‐statistic of 0.824.
FAC: upper cap for FAC set at 100% to satisfy the assumption of linearity; reported risk only applies to those with FAC values <100%.
HRR: lower and upper caps for HRR set at 0 and 25 beats to satisfy the assumption of linearity; reported risk only applies to those with an HRR between 0 to 25 beats.
The values in parentheses indicate confidence interval, and the value in the bracket indicate P‐value.