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. 2014 Apr 25;3(2):e000851. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000851

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© 2014 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Figure 3. — LDL‐C and density through late life, by sex. Lower panel shows median LDL‐C (directly measured) with interquartile range, by sex through life. Middle panel shows the ratio of dense subclasses (darker) to buoyant subclasses (lighter) at select ages to highlight the pre‐, peri‐, and post‐menopausal time periods. Upper panel shows density relative to men, age 30 to 39. Upper panel shows LLDR or density expressed as color saturation. Darker, or more saturated purple reflects higher LLDR. As shown, while LDL‐C is higher for women than for men from age 60 and beyond, this is driven by a greater proportion of the buoyant subclasses leading to a preservation of the advantageous density phenotype. With advanced age, sex differences in density narrow. LDL‐C indicates low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LLDR, logarithmic LDL density ratio.