Table 1.
Patient and EMS Characteristics of Bystander‐Witnessed Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Cardiac Origin According to the Location
| Home (n=6190) | Healthcare Facilities (n=1108) | Public Places (n=894) | Streets (n=652) | Workplaces (n=306) | Others (n=303) | P Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 73.0 (15.2) | 85.3 (9.3) | 63.3 (15.8) | 66.7 (13.3) | 56.1 (11.2) | 65.7 (16.0) | <0.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Children aged 0 to 17 years | 32 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 20 (2.2) | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Adults aged 18 to 64 years | 1422 (23.0) | 27 (2.4) | 398 (44.5) | 256 (39.3) | 238 (77.8) | 132 (43.6) | |
| Elderly aged ≥65 years | 4736 (76.5) | 1080 (97.5) | 476 (53.2) | 392 (60.1) | 67 (21.9) | 170 (56.1) | |
| Male, n (%) | 3866 (62.5) | 362 (32.7) | 712 (79.6) | 497 (76.2) | 285 (93.1) | 238 (78.5) | <0.001 |
| Good activities of daily living, n (%) | 4312 (69.7) | 292 (26.4) | 766 (85.7) | 514 (78.8) | 298 (97.4) | 241 (79.5) | <0.001 |
| First documented rhythm, % | <0.001 | ||||||
| VF | 1135 (18.3) | 90 (8.1) | 449 (50.2) | 271 (41.6) | 180 (58.8) | 106 (35.0) | |
| PEA | 2134 (34.5) | 393 (35.5) | 224 (25.1) | 211 (32.4) | 81 (26.5) | 80 (26.4) | |
| Asystole | 2838 (45.8) | 596 (53.8) | 205 (22.9) | 160 (24.5) | 43 (14.1) | 111 (36.6) | |
| Others | 83 (1.3) | 29 (2.6) | 16 (1.8) | 10 (1.5) | 2 (0.7) | 6 (2.0) | |
| Public‐access AED use, n (%) | 1 (0.02) | 20 (1.8) | 114 (12.8) | 14 (2.1) | 16 (5.2) | 9 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Type of bystander CPR, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No CPR | 4063 (65.6) | 258 (23.3) | 468 (52.3) | 457 (70.1) | 152 (49.7) | 176 (58.1) | |
| Chest compression‐only CPR | 1362 (22.0) | 418 (37.7) | 238 (26.6) | 127 (19.5) | 101 (33.0) | 84 (27.7) | |
| Conventional CPR with rescue breathing | 765 (12.4) | 432 (39.0) | 188 (21.0) | 68 (10.4) | 53 (17.3) | 43 (14.2) | |
| Intubation, n (%) | 1617 (26.1) | 270 (24.4) | 202 (22.6) | 145 (22.2) | 61 (19.9) | 69 (22.8) | 0.011 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 997 (16.1) | 166 (15.0) | 151 (16.9) | 125 (19.2) | 67 (21.9) | 52 (17.2) | 0.027 |
| Collapse to call, min, mean (SD) | 4.8 (6.8) | 4.8 (6.0) | 3.2 (4.2) | 2.8 (5.1) | 2.9 (4.0) | 3.4 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to shocks by public‐access AEDs, min, mean (SD)* | 9.0 (NA) | 4.9 (4.9) | 5.0 (3.1) | 4.8 (2.3) | 5.9 (2.7) | 6.1 (3.4) | 0.309 |
| Call to contact with patients by EMS (EMS activation time), min, mean (SD) | 7.8 (2.6) | 7.8 (2.6) | 7.2 (2.8) | 6.6 (2.5) | 7.7 (3.0) | 7.9 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to first shocks by bystanders or EMS, min, mean (SD)* | 11.0 (4.6) | 9.4 (6.8) | 9.0 (4.6) | 9.0 (4.3) | 9.8 (4.5) | 10.3 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to CPR by EMS, min, mean (SD) | 11.0 (7.1) | 10.3 (6.6) | 9.5 (5.3) | 8.3 (5.0) | 9.4 (5.2) | 10.0 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to hospital arrival, min, mean (SD) | 31.6 (9.8) | 29.4 (10.0) | 28.9 (8.8) | 25.2 (8.1) | 30.0 (8.7) | 29.4 (9.9) | <0.001 |
AED indicates automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical services; NA, not analysis; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; SD, standard deviation; VF, ventricular fibrillation.
*
P values are calculated to test the homogeneity among the 6 location groups.
*
Calculated for cases with time data on public‐access AEDs.
*
Calculated for cases with VF as first documented rhythm.