Table 3.
Patient and EMS Characteristics of Bystander‐Witnessed Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Cardiac Origin at Public Places According to the Location
| Railway Stations (n=118) | Sports Facilities (n=93) | Public Buildings (n=86) | Schools (n=31) | Airports (n=4) | Other Public Spaces (n=562) | P Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 62.7 (14.0) | 61.1 (15.8) | 63.0 (17.9) | 41.4 (25.4) | 56.8 (16.3) | 65.1 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | |||||||
| Children aged 0 to 17 years | 1 (0.8) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (4.7) | 8 (25.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Adults aged 18 to 64 years | 60 (50.8) | 41 (44.1) | 32 (37.2) | 16 (51.6) | 2 (50.0) | 247 (44.0) | |
| Elderly aged ≥65 years | 57 (48.3) | 50 (53.8) | 50 (58.1) | 7 (22.6) | 2 (50.0) | 310 (55.2) | |
| Male, n (%) | 93 (78.8) | 77 (82.8) | 67 (77.9) | 24 (77.4) | 4 (100.0) | 447 (79.5) | 0.880 |
| Good activities of daily living, n (%) | 101 (85.6) | 92 (98.9) | 72 (83.7) | 30 (96.8) | 4 (100.0) | 467 (83.1) | 0.002 |
| First documented rhythm, % | 0.001 | ||||||
| VF | 79 (66.9) | 65 (69.9) | 41 (47.7) | 26 (83.9) | 3 (75.0) | 235 (41.8) | |
| PEA | 18 (15.3) | 15 (16.1) | 18 (20.9) | 3 (9.7) | 1 (25.0) | 169 (30.1) | |
| Asystole | 18 (15.3) | 11 (11.8) | 24 (27.9) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 151 (26.9) | |
| Others | 3 (2.5) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.2) | |
| Public‐access AED use, n (%) | 32 (27.1) | 42 (45.2) | 10 (11.6) | 8 (25.8) | 2 (50.0) | 20 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Type of bystander CPR, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No CPR | 44 (37.3) | 30 (32.3) | 41 (47.7) | 7 (22.6) | 0 (0) | 346 (61.6) | |
| Chest compression‐only CPR | 49 (41.5) | 25 (26.9) | 22 (25.6) | 7 (22.6) | 2 (50.0) | 133 (23.7) | |
| Conventional CPR with rescue breathing | 25 (21.2) | 38 (40.9) | 23 (26.7) | 17 (54.8) | 2 (50.0) | 83 (14.8) | |
| Intubation, n (%) | 26 (22.0) | 15 (16.1) | 21 (24.4) | 9 (29.0) | 1 (25.0) | 130 (23.1) | 0.058 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 18 (15.3) | 15 (16.1) | 17 (19.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 101 (18.0) | 0.020 |
| Collapse to call, min, mean (SD) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.6) | 3.3 (4.6) | 3.7 (3.7) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.3 (4.6) | 0.811 |
| Collapse to shocks by public‐access AEDs, min, mean (SD)* | 5.7 (3.4) | 4.4 (2.5) | 4.3 (3.4) | 4.1 (2.0) | 6.0 (NA) | 6.0 (3.8) | 0.327 |
| Call to contact with patients by EMS (EMS activation time), min, mean (SD) | 7.5 (2.3) | 8.2 (3.7) | 6.6 (2.8) | 7.4 (3.0) | 7.0 (5.0) | 7.1 (2.7) | 0.004 |
| Collapse to first shocks by bystanders or EMS, min, mean (SD)* | 9.1 (4.7) | 5.9 (3.8) | 8.6 (4.4) | 9.1 (5.5) | 6.5 (0.7) | 9.9 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to CPR by EMS, min, mean (SD) | 9.7 (4.0) | 9.7 (6.7) | 9.2 (5.4) | 10.1 (4.2) | 11.7 (7.4) | 9.4 (5.4) | 0.914 |
| Collapse to hospital arrival, min, mean (SD) | 29.4 (8.5) | 30.0 (9.6) | 29.4 (9.4) | 27.8 (7.7) | 27.5 (10.3) | 28.6 (8.6) | 0.693 |
AED indicates automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical services; NA, not analysis; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; SD, standard deviation; VF, ventricular fibrillation.
*
P values are calculated to test the homogeneity among the 6 location groups.
*
Calculated for cases with time data on public‐access AEDs.
*
Calculated for cases with VF as first documented rhythm.