TABLE 3.
NIH emerging pathogens or diseases, group 3: potential bioterrorism threats
| Pathogen and/or diseasea |
|---|
| Category A |
| Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) |
| Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism) |
| Yersinia pestis (plague) |
| Variola major virus (smallpox) and other related poxviruses |
| Francisella tularensis (tularemia) |
| Viral hemorrhagic fevers |
| Arenaviruses (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus; Lassa fever) |
| Bunyaviruses (hantaviruses; Rift Valley fever) |
| Flaviviruses (dengue virus) |
| Filoviruses (Ebola virus, Marburg virus) |
| Category B |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei |
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) |
| Brucella species (brucellosis) |
| Burkholderia mallei (glanders) |
| Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis) |
| Ricin toxin (from Ricinus communis) |
| Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens |
| Staphylococcus enterotoxin B |
| Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus fever) |
| Food- and waterborne pathogens (bacteria, diarrheagenic E. coli, pathogenic vibrios, Shigella species, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica; viruses, caliciviruses, hepatitis A virus; protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayatanensis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma; fungi, microsporidia; additional viral encephalitides, West Nile virus, La Crosse virus, California encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kyasanur Forest virus) |
| Category C |
| Emerging infectious disease threats such as Nipah virus and additional hantaviruses |
| Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus) |
| Tick-borne encephalitis viruses |
| Yellow fever |
| Tuberculosis, including drug-resistant tuberculosis |
| Influenza |
| Other rickettsias |
| Rabies |
| Prions |
| Chikungunya virus |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus |
| Antimicrobial resistance, excluding research on sexually transmitted organisms*: Research on mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, Studies of the emergence and/or spread of antimicrobial resistance genes within pathogen populations, Studies of the emergence and/or spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in human populations, Research on therapeutic approaches that target resistance mechanisms, Modification of existing antimicrobials to overcome emergent resistance |
| Antimicrobial research, as related to engineered threats and naturally occurring drug-resistant pathogens, focused on development of broad-spectrum antimicrobials |
| Coccidioides immitis (added February 2008) |
| Coccidioides posadasii (added February 2008) |
| NIAID category C antimicrobial resistance-sexually transmitted excluded organisms (bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus, Granuloma inguinale, Haemophilus ducreyi, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis |
a
Category A priority, pose highest risk to national security and public health, easily disseminated/high mortality; category B priority, second-highest priority, moderately easy to disseminate/low mortality; category C priority, third-highest priority, includes emerging pathogens that could be mass produced and easily disseminated.