RimL protein is sufficient for McC, McC(1120), DSA, XDSA, LSA, and albomycin resistance in vitro. Wild-type E. coli S30 extracts were supplemented with McC (A) or albomycin (B) and incubated to allow processing. Next, the indicated purified Rim proteins were added to reaction mixtures (time “0”), and incubation was continued. At various time points after addition of Rim proteins, reaction aliquots were withdrawn and tRNAAsp (A) or tRNASer (B) aminoacylation reactions were carried out. In panel B, a 20-fold-higher concentration of RimL (labeled with an asterisk) was used in reaction mixtures containing albomycin than in those containing SSA, which was used as a control. Data from three independently performed experiments with each inhibitor are shown (with means and standard deviations).