FIG 2.

Population structure of N. gonorrhoeae strains. (A) Triangle plot of a Bayesian cluster analysis reveals the existence of three distinct haplogroups (K = 3) within the examined collection of N. gonorrhoeae strains. Haplogroup 1 is the most diverse group of gonococcal strains, whereas haplogroup 3 is most distant. Clonal complex 1 (CC1) was associated with haplogroup 2, while clonal complex 2 (CC2) associated itself with haplogroup 1. (B) Population structure analysis carried out using structure revealed the existence of two genetically unique groups (CC1 and CC2) of gonococcal isolates based on a combination of SNPs, penA alleles, and antimicrobial phenotypes. Each strain is represented by a single vertical bar, partitioned into three colored segments which represent its overall contribution to each of the three haplogroups.