TABLE 3.
Cytokine/chemokine concentrations by clinical groupa
| Cytokine or chemokine | Controls (n = 190) |
PLA+/PERI+ mothers at delivery (n = 43) |
PTB (n = 24) |
SGA babies (n = 80) |
Anemic mothers (n = 59) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQ | Median | IQ | P value | Median | IQ | P value | Median | IQ | P value | Median | IQ | P value | |
| Eotaxin | 5.31 | 4.80–5.53 | 5.29 | 4.81–5.55 | 0.99 | 5.12 | 4.77–5.37 | 0.18 | 5.19 | 4.53–5.57 | 0.42 | 5.29 | 4.82–5.55 | 0.84 |
| IFN-γ | 3.32 | 2.52–4.08 | 3.25 | 2.61–4.65 | 0.67 | 2.87 | 2.03–4.10 | 0.41 | 2.73 | 2.27–3.43 | 0.002 | 3.14 | 2.45–4.30 | 0.89 |
| IL-10 | 3.63 | 2.79–4.27 | 4.16 | 3.16–4.60 | 0.02 | 3.32 | 2.81–4.51 | 0.89 | 3.31 | 2.52–4.07 | 0.07 | 3.6 | 2.93–4.68 | 0.74 |
| IL-12p70 | 2.87 | 1.97–3.54 | 2.65 | 2.03–3.62 | 0.85 | 2.52 | 1.88–3.43 | 0.41 | 2.23 | 1.72–3.02 | 0.005 | 2.84 | 2.06–3.64 | 0.98 |
| IL-13 | 4.24 | 3.51–4.81 | 4.26 | 3.48–4.87 | 0.55 | 3.94 | 3.56–4.75 | 0.48 | 3.85 | 3.31–4.44 | 0.009 | 4.26 | 3.32–4.90 | 0.68 |
| IL-1β | 4.36 | 3.12–6.95 | 4.52 | 3.20–7.92 | 0.66 | 5.01 | 2.99–7.41 | 0.8 | 3.91 | 2.90–5.85 | 0.08 | 4.41 | 3.09–6.63 | 0.98 |
| IL-2 | 2.57 | 1.74–3.39 | 2.65 | 1.61–3.58 | 0.71 | 2.23 | 1.51–3.30 | 0.46 | 2.06 | 1.49–2.77 | 0.009 | 2.6 | 1.81–3.66 | 0.88 |
| IL-4 | 2.12 | 1.30–2.89 | 1.93 | 1.41–2.88 | 0.78 | 1.85 | 0.90–2.88 | 0.34 | 1.58 | 1.29–2.88 | 0.005 | 2.17 | 1.30–3.07 | 0.69 |
| IL-5 | 1.99 | 1.30–2.90 | 2.19 | 1.12–3.03 | 0.54 | 1.81 | 0.90–2.74 | 0.83 | 1.43 | 0.84–2.20 | 0.002 | 2.07 | 1.30–3.02 | 0.6 |
| IL-8 | 7.37 | 6.34–8.30 | 6.88 | 5.19–8.42 | 0.54 | 7.21 | 6.37–8.07 | 0.65 | 7.33 | 6.41–8.13 | 0.7 | 7.57 | 6.46–8.45 | 0.61 |
| IP-10 | 6.08 | 5.38–6.86 | 6.12 | 5.64–6.85 | 0.57 | 6.86 | 5.90–7.32 | 0.01 | 6.39 | 5.77–7.06 | 0.04 | 6.23 | 5.44–6.86 | 0.58 |
| MCP-1 | 6 | 5.06–7.18 | 6.53 | 5.39–6.98 | 0.5 | 5.99 | 5.06–7.17 | 0.09 | 6.17 | 5.01–7.26 | 0.9 | 6.13 | 5.13–7.20 | 0.75 |
| MCP-4 | 5.73 | 5.36–6.08 | 5.72 | 5.28–6.14 | 0.97 | 5.72 | 5.28–6.24 | 0.91 | 5.75 | 5.26–6.14 | 0.83 | 5.81 | 5.38–6.12 | 0.55 |
| MIP-1β | 6.61 | 5.67–8.41 | 7.51 | 6.26–8.38 | 0.11 | 6.69 | 5.98–8.66 | 0.56 | 6.27 | 5.76–7.02 | 0.1 | 6.77 | 6.06–8.59 | 0.33 |
| TARC | 6.58 | 5.75–7.11 | 6.49 | 5.69–7.42 | 0.92 | 6 | 5.34–6.69 | 0.04 | 6.24 | 5.39–7.26 | 0.17 | 6.7 | 5.99–7.37 | 0.28 |
| TNF-α | 3.96 | 2.96–4.94 | 4.26 | 2.96–5.46 | 0.32 | 4.06 | 2.80–4.93 | 0.81 | 3.48 | 2.72–4.68 | 0.13 | 3.81 | 3.11–5.27 | 0.56 |
a
The concentration of each cytokine/chemokine in the control group (P. falciparum-uninfected, nonanemic mothers at the time of delivery of term babies with an adequate birth weight for gestational age) was compared with the concentration of each cytokine/chemokine in the four defined groups (PLA+/PERI+ mothers, SGA babies, PTB, and anemic mothers) using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The cytokine and chemokine data are presented as the log-transformed median value with the interquartile range (IQ). P values refer to separate comparisons with the control group. P values of ≤0.0006 were regarded as statistically significant.