TABLE 4.

Cytokine/chemokine concentrations segregated according to the number of P. falciparum infections during the course of pregnancy^a

Cytokine or chemokine	No infection (n = 204)		One infection (n = 117)		Two or more infections (n = 79)		P value
	Median	IQ	Median	IQ	Median	IQ
Eotaxin	5.20	4.70–5.50	5.29	4.76–5.55	5.41	4.87–5.63	0.14
IFN-γ	3.31	2.53–4.21	2.89	2.17–3.84	2.84	2.24–3.77	0.03
IL-10	3.68	2.82–4.43	3.62	2.80–4.22	3.40	2.63–4.29	0.56
IL-12p70	2.90	2.06–3.53	2.48	1.77–3.42	2.44	1.84–3.16	0.05
IL-13	4.29	3.51–4.83	3.97	3.31–4.65	4.04	3.51–4.53	0.09
IL-1β	4.72	3.06–7.56	3.92	2.87–5.18	4.47	3.32–5.84	0.05
IL-2	2.71	1.72–3.48	2.24	1.60–3.21	2.24	1.50–2.98	0.02
IL-4	2.22	1.39–2.92	1.70	1.14–2.74	1.83	1.09–2.48	0.01
IL-5	2.09	1.19–2.90	1.65	0.91–2.67	1.69	0.96–2.53	0.17
IL-8	7.12	6.19–8.15	7.39	6.34–8.47	7.77	6.81–8.38	0.22
IP-10	6.09	5.37–6.79	6.65	5.84–7.22	6.16	5.61–7.10	0.001
MCP-1	5.97	5.07–7.20	6.44	5.11–7.20	6.30	5.24–7.22	0.40
MCP-4	5.75	5.27–6.12	5.67	5.38–6.17	5.82	5.46–6.18	0.56
MIP-1β	6.77	5.79–8.59	6.39	5.78–7.71	6.57	6.06–7.92	0.39
TARC	6.52	5.77–7.13	6.58	5.61–7.15	6.21	5.57–7.27	0.67
TNF-α	4.01	3.06–5.04	3.58	2.71–4.61	3.62	3.07–4.66	0.12

^aThe concentration of each cytokine/chemokine was compared between women not infected during pregnancy (no infection), women infected only once during pregnancy but not at delivery (one infection), and women infected at least twice during pregnancy (two or more infections) using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The cytokine and chemokine data are presented as the log-transformed median value with the interquartile range (IQ). The P values refer to the global comparison of the three groups. P values of ≤0.0006 were regarded as statistically significant.