TABLE 5.

Factors associated with cytokine/chemokine concentrations using multivariate analysis^a

Cytokine or chemokine	Factor(s) significantly associated at 5% level	Coefficient	P value
IFN-γ (n = 337)	SGA	−0.43	0.007
IL-10 (n = 337)	PLA+/PERI+	0.46	0.006
IL-5 (n = 337)	SGA	−0.47	0.003

^aThe analyses employed a two-step multivariate analysis procedure. In the first step, all factors were included in the model, along with gravidity. A backward stepwise procedure was used to select those factors that improved the model's goodness of fit using the AIC. At this point, no statistical tests were performed. In a second step, only the association between the cytokine/chemokine and the factor that remained from the first step was tested using a multivariable linear model after adjustment for gravidity and the other factors of interest (SGA, preterm birth, P. falciparum infection, maternal anemia). The coefficient represents the average variation of the logarithm of the cytokine in women with (versus without) a baby who was SGA or P. falciparum infection at delivery, after adjustment for preterm birth, anemia at delivery, gravidity, infection at delivery (for IFN-γ and IL-5), and having a baby who was SGA (for IL-10). P values of ≤0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.