FIG 8.

Polarization of macrophages by P. gingivalis whole cells. Immortalized macrophages (wild type, TLR2^−/−, or TLR4^−/−) were left unprimed (A), primed overnight with IFN-γ (B) or IL-4 (C and D), and then activated with E. coli LPS (10 ng/ml), Pam3CSK4 (10 ng/ml), or P. gingivalis at various MOIs (10:1, 100:1, or 1,000:1). (A, B, and C) Nitric oxide expression was used as a marker for M1 polarization. (D) Arginase activity (urea production) was used as a marker for M2 polarization. Results shown in panels A, B, and C were normalized against the medium control.