FIG 5.

Effects of celecoxib on TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β production in T. cruzi-infected H9C2 cells. Cells were treated for 1 h with celecoxib (0.625 and 1.25 mM) and exposed to T. cruzi (Y strain). After treatment, the cells interacted with a 5:1 trypomastigote:cell ratio for 24 h, after which they were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO₂ during 24 h. TNF-α (a), TGF-β (b), and IL-1β (c) levels in supernatants were measured with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results are the means ± standard errors of the means for duplicate determinations and are representative of two independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 (compared to cell culture in medium alone); ND, not detected.