TABLE 1.
Epidemiological characteristics and DNA amplicons of relevant antibiotic resistance and plasmid traits from 30 pet food samples
| Sample no. | Pet type | Food component(s) (% declared on label) | Countrya | Store | Brandb | Manufacturerb |
bla gene(s) found |
IncL/M plasmid typingf |
IncF, repFII plasmid typingf | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OXA-48c | CTX-M-1 groupd | CMYe | VEB | TEMf | SHVf | TraU | ParA | RepA | ||||||||
| 101 | Cat | Beef (4), chicken (4) | GER | A | 1 | I | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | − | VEB-4-like | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 102 | Cat | Veal (4), poultry (4) | GER | A | 1 | I | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | CMY-4 | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 103 | Cat | Salmon (4), trout (4) | GER | A | 1 | I | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + |
| 104 | Cat | Poultry (4), liver (4) | GER | A | 1 | I | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 106 | Cat | Turkey (14), rabbit (8) | GER/NED | A | 2 | I, II | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − |
| 107 | Cat | Beef (14), turkey hearts (8) | GER/NED | A | 2 | I, II | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + |
| 109 | Cat | Salmon (4), chicken (4) | EU | A | 3 | III | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | − | − | + | − | + | − | + | + |
| 1010 | Cat | Beef (4) | EU | A | 3 | III | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| 1011 | Cat | Turkey (4), duck (4) | EU | A | 3 | III | − | − | CMY-4 | − | + | − | + | + | + | + |
| 1013 | Dog | Beef (4) | EU | A | 4 | IV | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1014 | Dog | Lamb (4) | EU | A | 4 | IV | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 1015 | Dog | Rabbit (4) | EU | A | 4 | IV | OXA-48 | − | − | VEB-4-like | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 1016 | Dog | Turkey (4), peas (2)/carrots (2) | LIE | A | 5 | V | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 1017 | Cat | Poultry (4) | DEN | B | 6 | VI | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + |
| 1018 | Cat | Chicken (8), green beans (5) | EU | B | 7 | VII | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 1020 | Cat | Turkey (4) | EU | B | 8 | VIII | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1021 | Cat | Poultry (4) | EU | B | 8 | VIII | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − |
| 1023 | Dog | Beef (4), chicken (4) | NED | B | 9 | IX | OXA-48 | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| 1024 | Dog | Turkey (4), chicken (4) | EU | B | 10 | IV | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | CMY-4 | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1025 | Dog | Beef (4), liver (4) | EU | B | 10 | IV | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 | CMY-4 | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1026 | Dog | Poultry (4) | FRA | B | 11 | X | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | CMY-4 | − | + | + | - | − | + | + |
| 1027 | Cat | Chicken (4) | EU | C | 12 | VIII | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1028 | Cat | Poultry (4) | EU | C | 12 | VIII | − | ISEcp1-CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1029 | Cat | Chicken (4), turkey (4) | LIE | C | 13 | V | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 1030 | Cat | Beef (4) | LIE | C | 14 | V | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| 1031 | Cat | Poultry (4) | LIE | C | 14 | V | OXA-48-likec | CTX-M-15 | CMY-4 | − | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| 1032 | Cat | Poultry (4) | EU | C | 15 | NA | − | CTX-M-15 | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| 1033 | Dog | Beef (4) | NED | C | 16 | XI | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| 1034 | Dog | Chicken (14), rice (4) | GER/NED | C | 17 | I, II | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | + | + |
| 1035 | Dog | Turkey (14), rice (4) | GER/NED | C | 17 | I, II | OXA-48 | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
GER, Germany; NED, The Netherlands; FRA, France; LIE, Liechtenstein; DEN, Denmark; EU, European Union (the specific country was not declared).
Brands and manufacturers are coded with 1 through 17 and I through VIII, respectively. These data are given as an indication of brands produced at the same factory (i.e., manufacturer VIII produces for brands 8 and 12) or brands receiving products from more than one manufacturer (i.e., brand 2 has manufacturers I and II). NA, not available due to unreadable labeling.
OXA-48-like sequence contains the following amino acid changes compared to OXA-48 (Trp25Leu, Gln41Leu, Thr99Met, Glu168Gln, and Ser171Ala) or OXA-181 (Trp25Leu, Gln41Leu, Thr99Met, Ala104Thr, and Asp110Asn).
The copresence of CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-15 is suggested by a double pick in the DNA sequence of the CTX-M-1 group amplicon, corresponding to amino acid position 242, discriminating between the CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-15 variants (Asp242 in CTX-M-3 and Gly242 in CTX-M-15 [GenBank accession no. Y10278 and AY044436, respectively]). By PCR analysis, most of the blaCTX-M-15 genes were associated with ISEcp1.
By PCR analysis, no blaCMY-4 genes were associated with an upstream ISEcp1 element.
+, PCR-positive amplicon; −, PCR-negative amplicon. Amplicons were not sequenced.