TABLE 6.

Clinical trials examining tomatoes and tomato products on markers of inflammation¹

Reference	Year	First author	n	Participant characteristics	Study design	Length of treatment	Tomato source	Treatments	Daily dose	Lycopene dose	Inflammation findings
										mg/d
(65)	2000	Upritchard	57	Diabetes (T2D)	Parallel	4 wk	Tomato juice	Placebo	500 mL (250 mL capsule ×2/d)	0	CRP (—)
				M, F	4 treatments	Tomato juice		44
				50s and 60s		4-wk placebo run-in
								Vitamin E	800 IU	0
Vitamin C	500 mg	0
(147)	2003	Watzl	22	Healthy M	Crossover	2 wk	Tomato juice	Carrot juice	300 mL	0	IL-2 (↑) with treatment, (—) b/n treatment
				2 treatments	Tomato juice	300 mL		37	IL-4 (—)
									HW	2-wk run-in, 2-wk washout, 2-wk run-out	TNF-α (↑) with treatment, (—) b/n treatment
									29 ± 6 y	Carotenoid depletion	NK cell cytotoxic (↑)
Lymphocyte proliferation (—)
(109)	2006	Sánchez-Moreno	12	Healthy M, F	1 treatment	14 d	Tomato soup	Tomato-based soup	500 mL, 250 mL ×2/d morning, evening	NI	IL-6 (—)
				BC	IL-1β (—)
					∼22 y						TNF-α (—)
											MCP-1 (↓)
PGE2 (↓)
(126)	2007	Blum	103 (1:1)	Healthy M, F	Parallel	1 mo	Tomato	No tomatoes	0 g	0	hsCRP (—)
				2 treatments	Yes tomatoes			300 g	30
				OW, OB	BC
46 ± 14 y	Usual diet
(78)	2008	Jacob	24	Healthy M,F	Parallel	2 wk	Tomato juice	Tomato juice	250 mL ×2/d	21	IL-1β (—)
				2 treatments	Tomato juice + vitamin C	250 mL ×2/d		21	TNF-α (↓)
						HW			2-wk run-in	CRP (↓)
19–27 y	AM, PM
(69)	2012	Burton-Freeman	25	Healthy M,F	Crossover	1 d	Tomato paste	Control meal	0 g	0	CRP (—)
				Postprandial	6 h	Tomato meal		94 g	27	IL-6 (↓)
				HW		2 treatments
(74)	2012	Thies	225	M, F (1:1.5)	Parallel	12 wk	Tomato products	Low tomato	Limited	0	CRP (—)
				HW, OW, OB	3 treatments	Low tomato + lycopene		10 mg	10	IL-6 (—)
40–65 y	4-wk run-in	High tomato	Points system	32–50
(110)	2013	Ghavipour	106	Healthy F	Parallel	20 d	Tomato juice	Water	110 mL ×3	0	IL-6 (↓) (OB only)
				2 treatments	Tomato juice			110 mL ×3	37	IL-8 (↓) (OW only)
				OW, OB							hsCRP (—)
20–40 y			with meals		TNF-α (↓) (OW only)
										mg/d
(111)	2013	McEneny	54	M, F	Parallel	12 wk	Tomato products	Low tomato	Limited	0	SAA serum (—)
				HW,OW,OB	3 treatments			Low tomato + lycopene	10 mg	10	SAA HDL (↓)
				40–65 y		4-wk run-in		High tomato	Points system	32–50

¹BC, baseline control; b/n, between; CRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HW, healthy weight for height based on standard BMI criteria; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; NI, not indicated; OB, obese BMI; OW, overweight BMI; PGE2, prostaglandin F2a; SAA, serum amyloid A; T2D, type 2 diabetes; ↓, decrease or reduction; ↑, increase; –, neutral or no effect compared to control arm, P < 0.05 (or baseline in 1-arm trials, P < 0.05).