Table 1.

Effects of cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, and dopamine on HIV, SIV, and neuroinflammation

	Cocaine	Meth	Opioids	Dopamine
Risk of neurocognitive impairment in HIV+ individuals with current or recent use of selected drug	↑	↑	↑	N/A
HIV replication in human macrophages	↑/−	↑	↑	↑
Monocyte/macrophage CCR5 expression	↑	↑	↑	?
Monocyte/macrophages CXCR4 expression	↑	↑	↑/−	?
HIV replication in human T-lymphocytes	↑↑	↑/−	↑	↑
CSF/brain SIV viral load in macaque model	↓/−	↑	↑	↑
Proinflammatory cytokine release from macrophages/microglia/astrocytes	↑	↑	↑	some ↑ some ↓
Anti-inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages/microglia/ astrocytes	↑/−	?	↓/−	↓
Blood brain Barrier breakdown following exposure in rodent models	↑	↑	↑ during withdrawal	?

Symbols used: ↑ increased; ↓ decreased; ↑/− increase reported in some studies, but not others; ↓/− decrease reported in some studies, but not others; ? no current data; N/A not applicable