Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratios for liver cancer by family history of liver cancer in the Shanghai Women’s (1997–2000) and Men’s (2002–2006) Health Studies
| Family history of liver cancer | Both sexes combined | Women | Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HR a | 95% CI | Cases | HR a | 95% CI | Cases | HR a | 95% CI | |
| Dichotomous method | |||||||||
| No family history | 269 | 1 | Reference | 117 | 1 | Reference | 152 | 1 | Reference |
| Any first-degree relatives b | 30 | 2.60 | (1.77, 3.80) | 11 | 2.39 | (1.28, 4.48) | 19 | 2.78 | (1.72, 4.50) |
| Mother | 14 | 5.35 | (3.10, 9.21) | 7 | 7.42 | (3.42, 16.11) | 7 | 4.68 | (2.18, 10.06) |
| Father | 5 | 0.99 | (0.41, 2.40) | 1 | 0.55 | (0.08, 3.97) | 4 | 1.23 | (0.46, 3.33) |
| Siblings | 13 | 2.70 | (1.54, 4.72) | 4 | 2.00 | (0.73, 5.45) | 9 | 3.20 | (1.63, 6.28) |
| No. of affected relatives | |||||||||
| 0 | 269 | 1 | Reference | 117 | 1 | Reference | 152 | 1 | Reference |
| 1 | 25 | 2.37 | (1.57, 3.58) | 8 | 1.88 | (0.91, 3.86) | 17 | 2.76 | (1.67, 4.57) |
| ≥2 | 5 | 5.11 | (2.10,12.45) | 3 | 9.35 | (2.93, 29.86) | 2 | 2.97 | (0.73, 12.07) |
| Ptrendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| FH score methodd | |||||||||
| Minimal-risk | 269 | 1 | Reference | 117 | 1 | Reference | 152 | 1 | Reference |
| Intermediate-risk | 17 | 2.34 | (1.43, 3.83) | 6 | 1.93 | (0.85, 4.41) | 11 | 2.77 | (1.50, 5.13) |
| High-risk | 13 | 3.03 | (1.73, 5.31) | 5 | 3.37 | (1.36, 8.36) | 8 | 2.80 | (1.37, 5.73) |
| Ptrende | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Adjusted for age, sex (for both sexes combined only), education, income, BMI, vegetable and fruit intake, history of chronic hepatitis, history of cirrhosis or other chronic liver disease, history of diabetes, history of cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy.
First-degree relatives included mother, father, sisters, brothers, daughters and sons. As few cancer cases were in offspring group, HRs and 95% CIs were not available.
Two-sided Ptrend values were calculated by assigning an ordinal value (1, 2, 3) to each subcategory of the No. of affected relatives and treating it as a continuous variable in the regression models.
FH score, family history score (FH score=No. of affected first-degree relatives /total No. of first-degree relatives excluding the index one ); minimal-risk (FH score = 0); intermediate-risk (0 < FH score ≤1/7 ); high-risk (FH score > 1/7).
Two-sided Ptrend values were calculated by assigning an ordinal value (1, 2, 3) to each range of the FH score and treating it as a continuous variable in the regression models.