Table 1.

Summary of successful neurophysiological enhancements.

Enhanced function	Method	What is modulated	Possible developments
Vision/Stimulus selectivity	Optogenetics	Interneurons	Enhancing other senses and learning by inhibiting the responsible inhibitory circuits
Vision/Stimulus selectivity	Optogenetics	Astrocytes	Speeding up network computation in response to any stimulus by activating the brain's immune response
Learning/Decision making	Single neuron electrical stimulation	Neuronal firing/Behavior	Enhancing a desired behavioral response through electrical stimulation
Oculomotor control	Neurofeedback training	Neuronal firing in the FAF/thalamic	Inducing long-term plasticity and learning through repetitive neurofeedback training
Hearing	Auditory thalamic implant	Thalamic input	Activated auditory cortex at low electrical current levels
Vision/Fixation	Electrical stimulation	Frontal eye fields	Electrically evoked saccadic eye movements
Memory	Neuroprosthetic	Neuronal firing/behavior	Enhanced mnemonic processes through electrical stimulation
Memory	Neuroprosthetic/Emulated firing patterns	Neuronal firing	Induced memory-related processing
Learning	MIMO	Substituted layer 5 neuronal input	Enhanced performance in a primate decision making task
Motor skills	Brain-machine-brain interface (BMBI)	Bridged damaged neural pathways	Promoted LTP, Restored motor function
Learning	Neuroprosthetic	Restored the eye-blink reflex under anesthesia with BMBI	Induced learning in the cerebellum with neuroprosthetic conditioning