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Bacterial DNA estimation by real-time qPCR using bacterial universal 16S rRNA primers. Results are reported as 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in DNA extracted from 1 ml urine sample. Female urine samples: 1–3; male urine samples: 4–6. Different letters indicate statistically different results (α=0.05), analyzed/individual. Error bars represent the sd of the mean for four extractions (n=4).
