Table 1.

Physico-chemical characteristics of CNCs derived from cotton (c-CNC) or tunicates (t-CNC)

	Dimension a (nm)	Aspect ratio a	Chemical composition b (%)	Surface charge c	Stiffness	Stability d
				(mmol SO 4 − /kg)	(GPa)	D T ×10 −8 (cm 2 /s) e	D R (s −1 ) f
c-CNC	170 ± 72 (l) x	9.2 ± 3.7	(C)41.45 ± 3.02g	56 ± 4.9	~105 [57]	(0 h) 2.81 ± 0.32	(0 h) 64.5 ± 4.0
	19 ± 7 (w)		(H)6.03 ± 0.48h			(24 h) 3.11 ± 0.14	(24 h) 67.5 ± 8.8
			(S)0.18 ± 0.03
t-CNC	2300 ± 1400 (l)	80 ± 21	(C)39.88 ± 0.66g	133 ± 2.4	~143 [58]	(0 h) 2.24 ± 0.23	(0 h) 42.5 ± 13.0
	x 31 ± 7 (w)		(H)5.73 ± 0.06h			(24 h) 2.36 ± 0.32	(24 h) 34.1 ± 8.8
			(S)0.47 ± 0.05

^aTransmission electron microscopy, ^bElemental analysis, ^cTitration, ^dDepolarised dynamic light scattering, ^eTranslational diffusion coefficient, ^fRotational diffusion coefficient; theoretical values for pure cellulose ^g(C) 44.31% and ^h(H) 6.51%.

Data is presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), except for depolarised dynamic light scattering (DDLS), where standard error of the regression analysis is given (SE).