Table 1.

Respondents’ Characteristics by Gender and Race^a

	Men			Women			All
	White (N = 67,757)	Black (N = 8,012)	p value	White (N = 98,305)	Black (N = 13,525)	p value	White (N = 166,062)	Black (N = 21,537)	p value
Region (%)b			p < .001			p < .001			p < .001
Northeast	22.3	15.7		23.3	17.2		22.9	16.6
North Central/Midwest	26.6	18.8		27.1	17.6		26.9	18.0
South	31.9	56.7		31.6	56.6		31.7	56.7
West	19.2	8.8		18.0	8.6		18.5	8.6
Marital status (%)b			p < .001			p < .001			p < .001
Married	76.9	59.3		38.8	22.9		54.3	36.4
Never married	3.4	4.3		4.1	4.7		3.9	4.6
Others (widowed, divorced, and separated)	19.7	36.4		57.1	72.4		41.8	59.0
Employment status (%)b			p < .001			p < .001			p < .001
Working	12.9	10.7		6.4	7.1		9.0	8.4
Unemployed	0.4	0.6		0.2	0.3		0.3	0.4
Retired	86.7	88.7		93.5	92.6		90.7	91.2
Age (mean)c,d	76.2	75.9	p < .001	76.9	76.6	p < .001	76.6	76.3	p < 0.001
Years of formal education completed (mean)c,d	11.8	9.0	p < 0.001	11.5	9.7	p < 0.001	11.6	9.4	p < 0.001
CPI-adjusted annual family income (mean)c	12,324.2	8,904.7	p < 0.001	11,330.2	8,264.9	p < 0.001	11,735.8	8,502.9	p < 0.001

Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; CPI = Consumer Price Index; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.

^aAlthough two different outcomes (ADL and IADL) were examined in this study, the total number of respondents available for each outcome-specific analysis was different; however, the difference was very small. The total number of respondents for each specific group presented in this table was based on individuals who did not miss ADL information. In addition, figures presented in this table do not account for survey weights.

^bChi-square tests were used to determine the statistical significance.

^cIndependent sample t tests were used to determine statistical significance.

^dOverall means were reported here; however, cohort-median-centered variables (age and education) were used in the model.