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. 2014 Sep 23;2014:874065. doi: 10.1155/2014/874065

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Copyright © 2014 B. Zhao and Y.-G. Chen.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Modulation of Smad activation. (a) Activated TβRI recruits and phosphorylates Smad2/3 at the C-terminal, and then the phosphorylated Smad2/3 binds Smad4 to form a Smad heterocomplex to mediate signal transduction. Endofin recruits Smad4 to the receptor complex in early endosomes and facilitates the association of receptor-activated Smad2/3 with Smad4. (b) BAMBI forms a ternary complex with receptors and Smad7 and inhibits the interaction between TβRI and Smad3, impairing Smad3 activation. PM: plasma membrane.