Table 1.

Vitamin D effects on substances involved in lumbar disc herniation

Vitamin D actions [references]	LDH [references]
IFN-γ: D [46, 65, 72, 88, 94, 144]	E [160, 171, 179, 180]
IL-1: D [46, 65, 72]	E [173, 225–227]
IL-2: D [46, 65, 72, 88, 92, 94, 139]
IL-4: D [46]	E [179]
IL-5: D [67]
IL-6: D [32, 46, 72, 92, 94, 136, 141]	E [165, 176, 181, 228–230]
IL-8	E [164, 225, 231]
IL-10: U [32, 47, 67, 74, 90, 94, 96, 144, 226, 227]
IL-12: D [22, 32, 67, 139, 140]	E [181, 182]
IL-17: D [47, 90]	E [181]
MCP: I [129]	E [164, 175]
MMP: I [232–240]	E [176, 190, 228, 241–243]
ROS: I [98, 101, 102, 106, 238]	E [244]
NO: I [245]	E [126, 148, 176, 190, 228, 246–249]
Glutamate: I [101, 147]	E [220, 221]
Glutathione: I [96, 106, 148]
PG: I [250]	E [176, 190, 228, 243, 251, 252]

D, Downregulation; E, Expression; I, Inhibition; IFN-γ, Interferon γ; IL, Interleukin; LDH, Lumbar disc herniation; MCP, Monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; NO, Nitric oxide; PG, Prostaglandin; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; U, Upregulation.