Table 1.
Maternal and offspring characteristics in Pune Maternal Nutrition Study (PMNS) and Parthenon Study
| Characteristic | PMNS | Parthenon | P-valued |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 526 | 515 | |
| Maternal | |||
| Age (years)a | 21.5 (3.5) | 23.9 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Primiparab | 160 (30.4) | 256 (49.7) | <0.001 |
| SES scorea | 27.1 (6.6) | 34.0 (6.4) | NA |
| Vegetarian dietb | 164 (31.6) | 44 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco useb | |||
| Smoking | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Chewing | 68 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 20.4 (1.9) | 23.7 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Gestation at measurement of biomarkers (weeks) | 29.4 (1.2) | 29.1 (1.6) | 0.51 |
| Plasma homocysteine (µmol/l)c | 8.6 (6.7, 10.8) | 6.0 (5.1, 7.1) | <0.001 |
| >10 µmol/lb | 170 (32.3) | 19 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Erythrocyte folate (nmol/l)c | 958 (734, 1261) | – | NA |
| <283 nmol/lb | 1 (0.2) | – | NA |
| Plasma folate (nmol/l)c | – | 34.4 (16.8, 51.2) | NA |
| <7 nmol/lb | – | 24 (4.7) | NA |
| Plasma vitamin B12 (pmol/l)c | 122 (94, 164) | 162 (123, 223) | <0.001 |
| <150 pmol/lb | 368 (70.4) | 221 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| Offspring | |||
| Gender (boys)b | 280 (53.2) | 247 (48.0) | 0.09 |
| Gestation (weeks)a | 39.0 (1.7) | 39.1 (1.7) | 0.93 |
| Preterm (<37 weeks)b | 47 (8.9) | 46 (8.9) | 0.99 |
| Birthweight (g)a | 2642 (379) | 2871 (443) | <0.001 |
| Low birthweight (<2500 g)b | 160 (30.4) | 91 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| SGAb | 356 (67.7) | 217 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| Maternal genotype | |||
| rs1081133b | |||
| CC | 378 (71.9) | 415 (80.6) | 0.003 |
| CT | 132 (25.1) | 92 (17.9) | |
| TT | 16 (3.0) | 8 (1.5) | |
| Offspring genotype | |||
| rs1081133b | |||
| CC | 381 (74.9) | 393 (78.9) | 0.029 |
| CT | 113 (22.2) | 101 (20.3) | |
| TT | 15 (2.9) | 4 (0.8) |
SES, socioeconomic status; BMI, body mass index; SGA, small-for-gestational-age.
NA refers to measurements which are not comparable; SES can not be compared as the scales of measurements vary according to rural/urban area.
Values are mean (SD)a or number (%)b or median (25th, 75th centile)c.
dThe P-value is for the difference between the PMNS and Parthenon cohorts derived using t-tests for continuous and chi square tests for categorical variables.