. 2014 Jul 22;171(5):535–543. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0403
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Characteristics of LADA and type 2 diabetes cases and controls in ESTRID, 2010–2013.
| Characteristics | Controls | Type 2 diabetes | LADA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | P a | Low GADA levels b (≤ median; 152 IU/ml) | High GADA levels b (> median; 152 IU/ml) | P c | |||
| No. of individuals | 1012 | 764 | 250 | 123 | 123 | ||
| Age, years, mean (s.d.) | 59 (13) | 63 (10) | 60 (12) | <0.0001 | 62 (12) | 57 (12) | 0.0015 |
| Men, n (%) | 468 (46) | 462 (60) | 138 (55) | <0.0001 | 72 (58) | 64 (52) | 0.3694 |
| Low education level, n (%) | 269 (27) | 299 (39) | 75 (30) | 0.0003 | 50 (41) | 21 (17) | 0.0002 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (s.d.) | 26 (4) | 31.1 (5) | 27.7 (5) | <0.0001 | 28.5 (5) | 26.7 (5) | 0.0056 |
| Overweight (25≤BMI), n (%) | 549 (54) | 722 (94) | 174 (70) | <0.0001 | 96 (78) | 74 (60) | 0.0036 |
| Physically inactive, n (%) | 608 (61) | 568 (75) | 162 (66) | 0.0104 | 85 (70) | 76 (63) | 0.2758 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 175 (17) | 110 (34) | 35 (14) | 0.3575 | 15 (12) | 19 (15) | 0.7557 |
| With family history of diabetes, n (%) | 246 (24) | 372 (49) | 108 (43) | 0.1445 | 52 (42) | 52 (42) | 1.000 |
| Non-drinkers, n (%) d | 94 (9) | 106 (14) | 26 (10) | 0.1934 | 16 (13) | 9 (7) | 0.2048 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) e | – | 28 (5) | 83 (39) | <0.0001 | 28 (28) | 55 (50) | 0.0012 |
| Metformin/and or sulfonyl urea treatment, n (%) e | – | 345 (35) | 83 (8) | 0.0035 | 35 (14) | 48 (20) | 0.2430 |
| C-peptide, mean (s.d.), nmol/l e | – | 1.30 (0.58) | 0.76 (0.53) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.56) | 0.57 (0.41) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR, mean (s.d.) e | – | 5.50 (12.77) | 5.21 (14.45) | 0.7958 | 6.30 (18.37) | 4.09 (8.72) | 0.2866 |
| HOMA-β, mean (s.d.) e | – | 69.53 (35.18) | 43.23 (34.27) | <0.0001 | 53.74 (37.67) | 32.39 (26.46) | <0.0001 |
| GADA, median (interquartile range), IU/ml e | – | – | 152 (12–250) | – | 24 (11–120) | 250 (203–250) | <0.0001 |
a
P for difference between LADA and type 2 diabetes.
b
Four LADA cases did not give consent to the record linkage necessary to obtain GADA measurements.
c
P for difference between LADA with high GADA levels and that with low GADA levels.
d
Non-drinkers including abstainers and former drinkers.
e
The information is only available for patients with LADA and type 2 diabetes.