Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the sample according to self-reported victimization at age 13
| No victimization | Occasional victimization | Frequent victimization | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 2,845) | (n = 2,247) | (n = 1,116) | Difference testa | ||||
| Female | 1,392 | (48.9%) | 1,181 | (52.6%) | 582 | (52.5%) | P = .018 |
| Financial problems | 409 | (14.6%) | 378 | (17.0%) | 216 | (19.6%) | P < .001 |
| Parental homeownership | 2,316 | (83.8%) | 1,832 | (84.0%) | 891 | (82.4%) | P = .486 |
| Parental social class | |||||||
| I Professional | 400 | (16.0%) | 334 | (16.6%) | 171 | (17.2%) | P = .825 |
| II Managerial/technical | 1,134 | (45.3%) | 934 | (46.5%) | 454 | (45.7%) | |
| III Skilled non-manual | 634 | (25.3%) | 466 | (23.2%) | 239 | (24.1%) | |
| IV Skilled manual | 251 | (10.0%) | 197 | (9.8%) | 96 | (9.7%) | |
| IV & V: Partly skilled/unskilled | 84 | (3.4%) | 78 | (3.9%) | 33 | (3.3%) | |
| Maternal education (A-levels or above) | 1,128 | (42.8%) | 978 | (46.3%) | 492 | (47.0%) | P = .017 |
| Child maltreatment | 337 | (12.9%) | 302 | (14.7%) | 189 | (18.5%) | P < .001 |
| Domestic violence | 522 | (21.8%) | 480 | (25.4%) | 283 | (30.0%) | P < .001 |
| Continuous measures | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Victimization (age 13) | 0 | n/a | 1.8 | (0.8) | 6.7 | (3.0) | P < .001 |
| Perpetration (age 13) | 0.2 | (0.8) | 0.8 | (1.5) | 2.1 | (2.5) | P < .001 |
| Emotional symptoms (age 10) | 1.4 | (1.6) | 1.5 | (1.7) | 1.7 | (1.8) | P < .001 |
| Maternal anxiety | 3.7 | (2.8) | 4.0 | (2.9) | 4.2 | (2.9) | P < .001 |
| Maternal depression | 5.6 | (3.9) | 6.1 | (4.1) | 6.2 | (4.2) | P < .001 |
| Paternal anxiety | 2.5 | (2.3) | 2.7 | (2.4) | 2.9 | (2.4) | P < .001 |
| Paternal depression | 3.7 | (3.4) | 3.8 | (3.4) | 4.1 | (3.3) | P < .001 |
| Parental hostility | 1.7 | (1.5) | 1.8 | (1.5) | 2.1 | (1.6) | P < .001 |
a
Differences in sample characteristics according to victimization status at age 13 were examined using chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables.