Table 3.
Percent difference in IGF-axis protein levels per unit increase in dietary factors from linear regression models (n=558)
| Lifestyle Characteristic | Total IGF-I, % | Free IGF-I, % | IGFBP-1, % | IGFBP-2, % | IGFBP-3, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy, kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | 3.8 (−5.9 to 14.5) | 24.5 (−0.8 to 56.1) | −16.3 (−34.5 to 7.1) | −5.4 (−20.9 to 13.1) | 2.8 (−3.7 to 9.7) |
| Model 2 | 2.9 (−6.6 to 13.3) | 22.5 (−1.6 to 52.4) | −2.8 (−21.2 to 19.9) | 0 (−14.9 to 17.5) | 1.9 (−4.7 to 8.9) |
| Model 3 | 1.0 (−8.0 to 10.9) | 17.2 (−5.4 to 45.3) | 2.5 (−15.1 to 23.9) | 1.0 (−12.2 to 16.1) | 1.1 (−5.2 to 7.9) |
| Alcohol, % kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | −0.8 (−1.4 to −0.2) | −1.4 (−3.3 to 0.6) | 0.5 (−1.5 to 2.6) | 0.8 (−0.4 to 2.0) | 0 (−0.5 to 0.6) |
| Model 2 | −0.8 (−1.4 to −0.2) | −1.5 (−3.1 to 0.2) | −0.3 (−1.9 to 1.4) | 0.1 (−1.0 to 1.2) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.6) |
| Model 3 | −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.1) | −1.1 (−2.8 to 0.6) | −0.9 (−2.5 to 0.7) | −0.8 (−1.8 to 0.2) | 0.3 (−0.2 to 0.8) |
| Carbohydrate, % kcal* | |||||
| Model 1 | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.6) | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.3) | 0.9 (0.1 to 1.8) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.0) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) |
| Model 2 | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.6) | 0.7 (0 to 1.4) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.1) | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
| Protein, total, % kcal* | |||||
| Model 1 | 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5) | −1.4 (−3.5 to 0.7) | −0.2 (−2.3 to 2.0) | −1.7 (−3.2 to −0.2) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.3) |
| Model 2 | 0.8 (0 to 1.7) | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.0) | 0 (−1.7 to 1.8) | −1.0 (−2.3 to 0.4) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.3) |
| Protein, dairy, % kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | 2.2 (0.7 to 3.6) | −0.1 (−3.4 to 3.4) | 3.5 (0 to 7.2) | 1.0 (−1.7 to 3.8) | 1.2 (0.2 to 2.2) |
| Model 2 | 2.2 (0.8 to 3.6) | 0.4 (−2.9 to 3.8) | 2.6 (−0.4 to 5.6) | 0.6 (−2.0 to 3.3) | 1.2 (0.2 to 2.2) |
| Model 3 | 3.8 (2.3 to 5.2) | 2.1 (−1.7 to 6.0) | 0.2 (−2.9 to 3.5) | −1.6 (−4.0 to 0.9) | 2.5 (1.4 to 3.6) |
| Fat, total, % kcal* | |||||
| Model 1 | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−1.0 to 1.1) | −2.0 (−3.1 to −0.8) | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.3) | 0 (−0.3 to 0.4) |
| Model 2 | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.2) | −0.3 (−1.3 to 0.7) | −0.8 (−1.8 to 0.2) | 0 (−0.7 to 0.8) | 0 (−0.3 to 0.3) |
| Fat, monounsaturated, %kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | −0.4 (−1.5 to 0.6) | 0.3 (−2.0 to 2.7) | −4.4 (−6.8 to −1.8) | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 1.0) |
| Model 2 | −0.5 (−1.5 to 0.6) | −0.5 (−2.7 to 1.7) | −2.0 (−4.2 to 0.2) | −0.4 (−2.0 to 1.3) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.9) |
| Model 3 | 1.9 (0.1 to 3.8) | 0.9 (−3.2 to 5.3) | −2.9 (−6.9 to 1.4) | −2.2 (−5.1 to 0.7) | 1.8 (0.4 to 3.2) |
| Fat, polyunsaturated, %kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.3 (−0.5 to 3.2) | 2.3 (−1.3 to 6.1) | −4.2 (−8.3 to 0) | −0.4 (−3.5 to 2.7) | 0.8 (−0.4 to 2.0) |
| Model 2 | 1.3 (−0.4 to 3.0) | 2.0 (−1.4 to 5.5) | −2.1 (−5.5 to 1.3) | 0.6 (−2.4 to 3.8) | 0.7 (−0.5 to 1.8) |
| Model 3 | 1.6 (−0.3 to 3.6) | 1.8 (−2.2 to 6.0) | −0.9 (−4.9 to 3.2) | 1.0 (−2.6 to 4.6) | 0.4 (−1.0 to 1.8) |
| Fat, saturated, %kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.1) | −0.7 (−3.1 to 1.8) | −3.3 (−6.0 to −0.4) | −0.5 (−2.6 to 1.6) | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.5) |
| Model 2 | −1.2 (−2.3 to −0.1) | −1.7 (−4.0 to 0.5) | −0.6 (−2.9 to 1.7) | 0.5 (−1.3 to 2.3) | −0.4 (−1.3 to 0.4) |
| Model 3 | −3.1 (−4.8 to −1.4) | −3.7 (−7.5 to 0.2) | 1.7 (−2.1 to 5.7) | 2.7 (0.2 to 5.4) | −2.2 (−3.4 to −0.9) |
| Fat, trans, %kcal | |||||
| Model 1 | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.9) | 11.4 (0.2 to 23.8) | −16.7 (−26.3 to −5.8) | −4.1 (−12.6 to 5.3) | 0.1 (−3.1 to 3.4) |
| Model 2 | −3.2 (−7.4 to 1.3) | 2.0 (−8.1 to 13.1) | −3.6 (−13.3 to 7.3) | −2.0 (−9.7 to 6.5) | −1.0 (−4.1 to 2.3) |
| Model 3 | −1.4 (−6.7 to 4.3) | 6.7 (−5.4 to 20.4) | 2.2 (−10.1 to 16.2) | −0.8 (−9.8 to 9.1) | −0.9 (−4.9 to 3.2) |
Model 1: includes age and race/ethnicity
Model 2: Model 1 +menopausal status (pre/post), current hormone use (versus past/never), current smoking (versus past/never), BMI, and physical activity (continuous, METs/wk);
Model 3: Model 2 + CRP, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, sOb-R, insulin, HbA1C%, IL-18) +energy (kcal) + alcohol %kcal + dairy protein %kcal + fat %kcal (trans fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat)
*
Carbohydrate, total protein, and total fat were not included in the final model (Model 3)