Table 2.

Facial landmarks utilized in morphometric analysis

Number	Name	Landmark description
1 (M)	Naison	Midline point where the frontal and nasal bones contact (nasofrontal suture).
2 (M)	Pronasale	Midline point marking the maximum protrusion of the nasal tip.
3 (M)	Subnasale	Midline point marking the junction between the inferior border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous upper lip. Apex of the nasolabial angle.
4 (M)	Labiale Superius	Midline point of the vermilion border of the upper lip, at the base of the philtrum.
5 (M)	Stomion	Midpoint of the labial fissure.
6 (M)	Labiale Inferius	Midline point of the vermilion border of the lower lip.
7 (M)	Sublabiale	Midpoint along the inferior margin of the cutaneous lower lip.
8 (M)	Gnathion	Midline point on the inferior border of the mandible.
9 (R/L)	Endocanthion	Apex of the angle formed at the inner corner of the palpebral fissure where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
11 (R/L)	Exocanthion	Apex of the angle formed at the outer corner of the palpebral fissure where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
13 (R/L)	Alare	Most lateral point on the nasal ala.
15 (R/L)	Alare Curvature Point	Most posterolateral point on the alar cartilage, located within the crease formed by the union of the alar cartilage and the skin of the cheek.
17 (R/L)	Subalare	Point located at the lower margin of the nasal ala, where the cartilage inserts in the cutaneous upper lip.
19 (R/L)	Christa Philtri	Point marking the lateral crest of the philtrum of the upper lip.
21 (R/L)	Chelion	Point marking the lateral extent of the labial fissure.
23 (R/L)	Zygion	Most prominent portion of the zygomatic arch.